Loreal Marketing

Principles of Marketing L’Oreal 1. The core, tangible and augmented products L’Oreal sells. The core product of the hair care products sold by the company includes the customers feeling good about themself after using the product. The tangible is he physical hair care product e. g. bottle, what the product claims to do for e. g. more shiny hair. 2 L’Oreal’s marketing managers have key branding decisions they must make. These include selecting a brand name and going onto getting a brand strategy.L’Oreal would need to decide on the branding in terms of what name to use and the icon to go with it. Brand strategy includes: Multibrand, range branding, corporate branding, company and individual branding strategy. Multibrand strategy includes bringing out more than one product in one product category. Range branding strategy involves the company deciding to introduce more than one different product to the same category of products however having a differen t name for products in different areas of the market.Corporate branding involves the company choosing to include just one brand for all the products introduced to the market and company and individual branding strategy includes that the company brand is included on all the products in the market however each product also has its own brand name. L’Oreal would be required to make the decision of what marketing brand strategy to use, For e. g. they may choose to introduce a new hair care product to the market and use a corporate brand strategy where they use the L’Oreal brand all products.L’Oreal also have other branding decisions including the branding position, name selection, brand sponsorship and development. L’Oreal must decide on its brand positioning. This includes the products attributes, benefits and beliefs and attitudes of the product. The attributes include what the hair care products attributes are for e. g. the healthy ingredients in the hair c are products. Benefits include what result the customers would expect from the attributes of the product. For e. g.L’Oreal’s benefits may be shiny hair due to the ingredients in the product. L’Oreal may however choose a brand positioning of beliefs and attitudes. L’Oreal would also need to make decisions on the brands name. This includes making decisions towards the brand name in order to ensure that the brand name is easy to memorise, say and identify. 3 The considerations L’Oreal faces in determining global product decisions include adapting their products to suit the various cultures of various countries the hair care products are being marketed in. For e. g. the pa

Assess the Importance of Party Government in Leading to the Rise

Party government Bring disappointment to the people –Failure to educate the public about democracy to help consolidate the democratic ( People lost confidence in democracy and turned to support the political ideas advocated by extreme nationalists. It looked like democracy was not eh suitable choice of government to Japan, put hope on military, give military an opportunity to restore authoritarian rule. –Fail to protect the rights of its own country, brought humiliation to people (e. g.Paris Peace Conference: western powers rejected Japan’s demand for racial equality to be included in the Covenant of the League of Nations Washington Conference: Japan was forced to return Shangdong to China, Japan had to accept a lower tonnage of capital ships to the US and Britain. –Corrupt and unreliable politicians ( Different parties concerned with how to gain power for themselves rather than solve the problems of the country and the people –e. g. – close connection with the zaibatsu Minseito and Seiyukai –Fail to bring the military under control –Unstable government with frequent changes ( 1918-1932, six cabinets had been created. Frequent change of government made policy making difficult, so people criticized that the party government was not ruling the country efficiently and effectively. –fail to provide effective solutions to the economic crisis (1927 Banking Crisis Owing to credit crises, some bank collapsed (1929 The Great Depression Limited resources to satisfy the growing population + relied much on import of raw materials and foodstuff. In 1926, japan was already suffering from a domestic economic recession, followed by banking crisis 1927. This worsened the situation and further weakened the democratic party government -Foreign countries levied heavy custom duties on Japanese good. Because of the protectionism policy, by 1931, total exports had been reduced by 50%. This led to decrease in wages and une mployment reached 3 million. therefore, Japanese were convinced that military conquest is the only way to overcome difficulties for the economic development + support the growing population. –fail to solve the shortage of land and resources (Japanese population was growing fast in the 1920s, the problem of overpopulation and shortage of land and resources worsened the economic difficulties in 1920s and 1930s. However, the party government did nothing effective to solve the problem, so the Japanese believed that the only way to solve it was through military conquest and territorial expansion.Political –The rise of totalitarianism in Italy and Germany (1930s) set an example for Japan to follow. ( the rise of totalitarianism in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany made the people think that dictatorship rather than democracy was more effective to solve economic problem Culture –the promotion of extreme nationalist ideas promoted militarism and territorial expansion (rise of extreme nationalist ideas -e. g. Kita Ikki wrote an outline plan for the reconstruction of japan in 1919 which advocated the idea of military dictatorship and expansionism -e. . the prime minister Tanka Giichi suggested Japan’s conquest of Asia by steps: first conquer Northeast China, then the rest of China, and finally Southeast Asia. (Setting up of extremist societies -to promote extreme nationalism and expansion -e. g. Black Dragon Society called for the invasion of China Military Japan Had a strong military tradition ( Long history of military tradition in Japan -the shogun could rule the country simply because he was militarily stronger than all other feudal lords means military strength was important and useful. Japanese warrior, samurai, were given a privileged position in feudal Japan. These men practiced Bushido which meant by Way of Warrior. They were the only people who were allowed to wear swords, a symbol of class and privilege at that time. They were highly respected highly respected in society as they protect the countries as warrior ( The continuation of the military tradition in the Meiji Constitution -they Meiji constitution gave the military a special position by allowing the Army and Navy Chiefs to report to the emperor directly.Their importance was recognized by the constitution. ( The adoption of ‘Bushido’ among the soldiers -all adult male were to serve in the army, and they were indoctrinated with Bushido thoughts, encouraging absolute loyalty to the stage. (The contributions from the military in Japan’s quest for equality -Japan’s victories in foreign wars helped Japan claim equality and raised the status of the military and strengthened militarism in Japan. Japanese believe that an expansionist policy was beneficial to Japan.

My Role Model My Mom Essay

This is a better version of My role model my mom Role models are like a torch of light that inspires and guides in the darkness. That torch of light for me is my mother. My mother is very kind, strong, and hardworking. But what makes her truly worthy of looking up to is that she teaches her children these qualities through her actions. For as long as I can remember,my mother has always been kind and gracious to everyone she meets. She taught my siblings and I to treat everyone we meet with respect and to act with humility. She is extremely supportive of us, whether we pass or fail in our endeavors. She also works to connect and understand each of her children in order to help us grow and reach beyond our capacities while reminding us to laugh at ourselves and never take life too seriously. She takes on all of the family’s troubles and hides them from her children so that we would not be worried. Read more: Role model essay She does not want us to stress over bills and other problems from her workplace because she wants us to concentrate on our studies and enjoy our youth. Even when she is overwhelmed with anxiety, she bravely bares a smile on her face so that we can emulate her. Her hard work throughout the years to support us, putting up with the fights me and annoying sister would have. Her days would be routine she would wake up at 5:30am everday and pray for her family.She would cook breakfeast for my dad and leave at 6 am . after all day of working she would come home, take shower and cooks dinner and go to sleep.So we dont spent alot of time together and if we do it will be for like 1 or 2 hour.Although there are sometime i couldn’t stand her at times due to a few reasons.How she would always find the littlest things to complain to me about such as not doing my chorous and yelling me to do home-work even if I tell her i dont have any. Now that I’m old enough to realize how much my mother has done for her sons and daughter. she’s someone i truly look up to.There are many great people out there and i could of chose many important people but I chose my mom because I want to follow her footsteps, If i do that I know, I will find the true path that leads to happiness, and find a way to take a dream and turn it into reality.

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Hamlet - Essay Example Thesis statement: In the play The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, the protagonist (Hamlet) never goes beyond the antic disposition into insanity because he knew that he can makes use of the same to keep himself away from emotional outburst, to maintain him emotional equilibrium, not to arouse suspicion on his motive, to confuse his enemies, to regain his mother from his uncle, and to take revenge of his father’s unexpected assassination. The following section is broadly divided as: protagonist and insanity, pretended insanity and emotional outburst, pretended insanity and emotional equilibrium, pretended insanity and suspicion on motive, as a tool to confuse enemies, pretension to regain mother’s trust, and pretended insanity and revenge. First of all, insanity can be defined as abnormal behavior originating from less control over one’s senses. Besides, insanity is generally considered as a temporary mental illness originating from the mental shock related to unexpected happenings in human life. Edward Charles Spitzka stated that, â€Å"Insanity is a term applied to certain results of brain disease and defect which invalidate mental integrity† (17). Normally, insanity is considered a temporary mental problem which can be cured within the help of medical treatment. On the other side, hereditary factors determine whether insanity will transform into permanent madness or not. Within the context of the play, the protagonist’s insanity is false because he depended upon it to trick his enemies. For instance, the protagonist knew that his life is danger because nobody in Denmark can be trusted the king (Claudius) is that much influential. In addition, the protagonist was aware of that the king will ignore him because there is nothing to be afraid of an insane person. Still, there is a serious problem related to the pretension of madness because the layer between sanity and insanity

'The Searchers' Film Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

'The Searchers' Film Review - Assignment Example For example, traditional Western cowboys came from somewhat disadvantaged backgrounds and they did not occupy high position on the social ladder. However, Wayne’s character is not poor. He never had any financial problem and always seems to have a comfortable supply of gold. The Native Americans may or may not be the same as portrayed in the movie. Some Indian tribes may be vicious, but the same cannot be said for all and there is no reason to possess such racial hatred for the Indians as is possessed by Ethan in the film. There are power inequalities implied in the film between the Indians and the whites. These inequalities range from political power to employment to social relationships. The whites are certainly more privileged in all three areas than the Native Indians appear to be, hence the tension between the two racial groups grows. There is a dominant ideology of white supremacy which is depicted in the film. Through Indian warriors, backlash demonstrated by the tribes, massacres, kidnappings, and hatred towards slavery, the film shows a hegemonic negotiation

International Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Economic Growth - Essay Example The reduction in costs facilitated trade between countries and the shipment of goods to other countries became easier and cheap. It also leads to exchange of services, technology, factors of production and economically useful knowledge. The fall in transportation cost was also accompanied by an increase in the transportation speed. With the combination of fast, cheap and easy transportation, inter-trade between countries grew. Labor became mobile due to introduction of fast ways of travel and migrated to different countries to take advantage of better job opportunities. Moreover, due to increased communication and exchange of technology, a change in lifestyle also occurred in many countries. The use of new technology was adopted by many countries so the lifestyle of people living in these countries became similar also leading to a global economy. To sum up, migration, international specialization, trade and public policies helped create a global economy before the First World War. The First World War took place mainly in Europe between the years 1914 and 1918. The aftermath of the war saw a huge impact on the economies of the countries that fought, (Britain, Italy, U.S, France, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal, Turkey and Russia among others) and ultimately, affected the global economy by bringing the process of global economic integration to a halt or at least slowing the process down. 2. 'The First World War represents a turning-point in the economic history of Europe.' Discuss. The First World War is certainly a turning point in the economy history of Europe as it steered the economy in European countries away from moving towards a globally integrated economy. Firstly, it was because world international trade suffered a sharp decline after the war as the United States, Great Britain and France still had some conflicts. The European economy suffered a great financial setback in the war and faced many economic difficulties. Many industries that were opened to support the war had to be closed down and the countries saw a rise in the level of unemployment. The rise in protectionist policies proved to be a barrier to free trade and adversely affected the growth of many countries' economies. Capital movements between countries became restricted and relations between countries weakened further. Also, there was a decline in the level of production and transfer of resources to the production of military goods had to be stopped. To help the country survive in the war, many countries had taken loans which in no way was favorable for their declining economy at that time. As predicted, the economies of many countries had to face an economic crisis. Wealthy people lost their money and there was a sharp fall in the living standards of people. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of these countries subsequently fell. In 1918, Britain imposed the system of rationing. However, issues of rising prices, worker's disputes regarding pay and overtime and lack of proper housing arose. It gave way to many strikes and unrest prevailed in European countries. The First World War was indeed a turning point for the economy in Europe as it did not support the great economic growth of the pre-Great war, disrupted lives,

Woodrow Wilson & World War I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Woodrow Wilson & World War I - Essay Example Yes the US was ready by 1917 dues to the mobilization of the military to be increased by enlisting men from the age of 18 years, getting money from businessmen to finance the war and even getting naval support. The strength however was not as great as it was by the time the war was ending. Yes it was initially when America was preparing to go into war but with the sinking of the US boat, it soon became abandoned as people decided to assist in any way they could to prepare the army go into war simply for revenge against the Germans. People were hostile towards military service and hence did not adopt the idea of being enlisted or having their kin enlisted in the military service. This came when the administration wanted to increase the military as a preparedness method to enter into war and this hostility as the reason US started with fewer soldiers. The Americans did not agree with the call for peace after the war took away over 50, 000 of their military troop. The treaty of Versailles points were emphasizing something that the Americans were not ready to accept

Food industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Food industry - Essay Example The company has made great advances in the production of fast foods through their kitchen prototyping, standardizing, self-serving along with fundamental changes in their marketing demographics (Schlosser, 212). The company has been offering fast foods to various classes of customers who include teenagers and the elderly. The beef department of the company is currently being dominated by immigrants who offer cheap labor in the various branches that the company has opened up across the globe. Through the process of recruiting more cheap workers, the organization has been able to expand their activities while at the same time maximizing their profits (Mankiw, 141). In consolidating their activities, Fast food Nation has been able to acquire many other smaller companies in different countries for the purpose of expanding the scope of their activities (Schlosser, 79). For instance, the company has acquired companies that indulge in packing meat such as Kenny Dobbins along with IBP Inc. T hey have been additionally able to ensure that all the outlets deal with uniform franchises (Kroeger, Vizjak, Moriarity, 89). The Omnivore’s dilemma offers a wide variety of foodstuffs for humans that range from industrial and organic foods and the foods we scavenge for ourselves such as meat products (Pollan, 62). The company manufactures the above meals in an effort to diversify their activities while expanding their activities across national along with international boundaries. They have enjoyed economies of scale with their production costs decreasing over the years as a result of using cheaper forms of labor, the use of technology in their activities and advanced production methods (Mankiw, 132). The company acquires its raw materials from many areas, which implies that they rarely have shortages in their production. The company’s production has however faced problems as a result of animal diseases which affect their production along with the

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example CLASS NUMBER: †¦4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. TITLE/TOPIC OF ASSIGNMENT: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Marketing 100 Situational Analysis†¦/Target Market Identification Report and Collage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.. Please read the following and sign where indicated DECLARATION: I/We declare the attached assignment is my/our own work and has not previously been submitted for assessment. This work complies with Curtin College rules concerning plagiarism and academic misconduct. [Refer to the Policy library on www.curtincollege.edu.au for full details on our Plagiarism and Student Misconduct polices.] I/We have retained a copy of this assignment for my own records. Signed: ____Wang Jue__________________________________________ Date___10 December 2010___________ This document is current at 31/08/2010. Page 1 of 1 1.0 Situation Analysis 1.1 Current Marketing Mix 1.1.1 Current Product Sunsilk Co-Creations-Addictive Brill iant Shine Shampoo is one of new Sunsilk’s Co-creations hair care line products. It consists of chemical as well as natural ingredients. The ingredients of the shampoo were chosen to achieve healthy shine, to co-create Sunsilk’s most advanced Addictive Brilliant Shine formulation for healthy hair that dazzles with shine (Unilever in Australia, 2011). Therefore, consumers benefit from buying a product in the form of healthy hair and â€Å"brilliant shine†. The company has teamed up with Jamal Hammadi from LA hair dresser to Hollywood stars and famous for his natural approach to achieve healthy shine (Unilever in Australia, 2011). It has inherent to all Sunsilk products cambered package, so customers can easily identify the shampoo as Sunsilk’s product. The bottle has red color and a big symbolic sign â€Å"!† on the front. The package developed by Brown Inc. (Brown Inc. 2011) makes product look modern and even hi-tech. This features distinct the pro duct from other shampoos and attract customers at the same time. Sunsilk Co-Creations-Addictive Brilliant Shine Shampoo is a part of hair care complex consisting of the shampoo and conditioner. Therefore, customers are given reason to by the shampoo together with the conditioner. The main targeted groups of customers are females between 16 to 40 with middle and high income level. Other groups of customers also might buy the product. Sunsilk Shampoo might be classified as staple goods because customers can use it regularly although they easily switch to another similar shampoo if the one is absent. Therefore, the shampoo is a star product of Unilever’s new product line. Its modern, professional and high-tech. It has original features that attract customers however; people can easily identify one of Sunsilk’s products. Customers can use it regularly although they easily switch to another similar shampoo if the one is absent. 1.1.2 Current Pricing The shampoo market is hi gh-competitive. There are many brands but in fact the most of them are owned by a few corporations such as Unilever, Procter&Gamble and Schwarzkopf. Sunsilk brand belongs to Unilever, the second biggest shampoo market company in the world. Unilever (2011) claims to practice value-based pricing. This means that the price is set based on the value a customer receives using the product. The primary importance of this kind of pricing is to encourage demand through setting the price according to customers feeling of the real value of the

The realities of correctional officer misconduct and how to prevent it Term Paper - 1

The realities of correctional officer misconduct and how to prevent it - Term Paper Example The changes in the prison management system initially guaranteed safety for female inmates from the predatory sexual behavior of other inmates and male officers. While the system made necessary changes to manage the affairs inside the prisons, the incrimination of African American women continued to exist as they were considered less privileged than the white women. The socio-cultural disparity between the races that prevails in the American society also has made the female correctional staff of the African American communities to carry the images of their race as a sexually vulnerable. Smith (2012) also reveals that the male inmates and coworkers usually develop a negative stereotype in which female correctional staff are considered weak and sexually challengeable (p.1709). This particular scenario results in the moral degradation of female staff, a larger part of whom gradually succumbs to low self-esteem due to the continuous exposure to stress and sexual advances of men. Increasing cases of the involvement of female officers in moral corruption have considerably challenged the law enforcement system of the country. The complications of the corruption increases to new magnitudes as more and more cases involving officer-inmate relationships come to light. Most important fact to note is sex is an inevitable part of human life and the self-cont rol one possesses during the duty hours can only be deterrent that can prevent immoral activities related sexuality. There are numerous stories that report the incidents in which under trial detainees and prisoners falling in physical relationships with correctional staff. In a report, Duncan (2014) says that the love story of Batimore City Detention Center in which a correctional staff, Kirkland falls in love with an under-trial man, Loney, for whom the Kirkland smuggled contrabands and finally lands in

Ethanol Discussion Essay Example for Free

Ethanol Discussion Essay The use of alternative fuels to replace petroleum has grown considerably through the years, as nations like Brazil are trying to be self-sufficient in their energy needs. Ethanol made from crops is said to be cleaner than burning fossil fuels, and would contribute less to the problem of global warming. However, several issues remain with the ethanol debate. There is one thing I am quite certain though. The U. S. cannot replace gasoline completely in its cars since it uses so many of them. The eco-friendly effects of using ethanol as a fuel are well documented, for example, although it emits the same amount of carbon dioxide upon combustion like fossil fuels this CO2 comes from the air itself, therefore the combustion has zero net effect. Still, harvesting huge amount of crops for producing ethanol is energy inefficient and a waste of arable land. The effect on world food supply if ethanol was integrated to the economy in the U. S. as it is in Brazil would be very awful. Food prices would skyrocket, and there might be shortages of food everywhere. It is not feasible to have the world’s energy supply and food supply come from the same source. Fossil fuels need to be replaced soon, but ethanol is not the technology to go with it. There are several sources of energy that need to be looked at and are much more promising than ethanol. Electric cars are making resurgence; however, they use electricity which most of the time is still produced by a fossil fuel burning power plant. Fuel cell cars have been demonstrated and might well be ready in the next 20 years. The internal combustion engine has served humanity for several decades, I think it’s high time we replace it with a more 21st century design, not just replace the fuel it burns. Our environment and the world we live in is on the line. The response towards the ethanol debate is quite convincing, however I disagree with it on some points. First, ethanol doesn’t intend to replace gasoline fully, but just complement it. The surpluses in world food production are intended to cover up ethanol production for this purpose. Second, although we both agree that fossil fuels need to be replaced, I tend to differ in that I think ethanol is at least the immediate future. Electric cars are far from perfect, and it is correct, as you said, it uses electricity from fossil fuel plants. Fuel cell or hydrogen powered vehicles may or may not be feasible, since right now they still are very expensive to produce. The time to act is now, not later, and ethanol is the most viable solution to the problems of the environment at the moment.

Corporation and Profit Retention Essay Example for Free

Corporation and Profit Retention Essay Sole Proprietorship: This is by far the most common form of business. It is the most common because it is the easiest to form. In order to create this type of business one simply has to â€Å"hang their shingle out† and let the commerce commence. However with such limited oversight also comes unlimited liability. Liability- Liability exposure with sole proprietorships is a huge draw back.. The owner and the business, legally, are one and the same. This leaves all the owners property ( and the business assets since they are one and the same) at risk. Income Tax- There are no real tax advantages at this level. It is known as a â€Å"pass through† entity. The income that is generated passes through the business to the owner. Taxes are paid at the individual level. Longevity- Unless the owners will provides specific direction in the contrary, the business is directly linked to the owners health. Since the owner and the business are legally indistinguishable from one another when the owner dies the business also dies. Control- Unlimited control is another attractive quality of Sole Proprietorships. Since legally there is no separation you may do with the company as you see fit. From what services are offered to what the logo looks like all decisions are the owners to make. Profit Retention- Since the owners efforts alone are responsible for the amount of profit generated, they keep it all. After the employees ( if any ) are paid what is left is the owner’s. Because they have total control, they may reinvest it in the company or they make take it all out. Location- Since there is no legal paperwork filed with any state agency, moving locations is as simple as driving to another state and setting up shop. That being said if you required state license in the original state, you would need the equivalent in the new location. Convenience/Burden- There are no legal documents that need to be filed with any state agency. Owner and company are indivisible so there is no paper work saying otherwise. At the most you may need to file a Doing Business As (D.B.A. ) with your local tax office to allow you to open a bank in the company’s name. General Partnership: This type of company is usually formed when two or more individuals with different skill sets get together. Each participant brings with them their own experience and skills in order to create a new venture. While the liabilities are not bore alone, the partners are not sheltered from them. Liability- While they are split in a predetermined percentage, the liabilities of a General partnership are unlimited. There is nothing that is off the table including your personal assets. Income Tax- There is no real tax shelter provided at this level. Income that is generated is â€Å"passed through† to the partners. They will pay taxes at the individual level. There are however, various tax forms that need to be filled out. Longevity- When a partner dies the partnership ceases to exist. The partners may not pass on the original partnership agreement to their heirs. There may be a buy/sell clause in the articles of partnership. Control- Complete control is given up to a vote of the general partners. If there is no consensus made, the articles of partnership should dictate how the disagreement is handled. Profit Retention- After the business debts are paid, the partners split the net profit. The articles of partnership will usually dictate the percentages, and if no mention is made it is assumed it is split evenly. Location- The fact that a partnership is not it’s own legal entity makes it relatively easy to move. If there is a market in a new location there is very little that prohibits moving. Convenience/Burden- While no state/federal documents are required, you will need an â€Å"Articles of Partnership† drawn up. This will act as the bylaws/charter for decisions and operations moving forward. There are a few tax forms that need to be completed by the partners at the appropriate time. Limited Partnership: This type of business is used more as an investment vehicle than a job or career. It allows an investment to be made and fostered from a distance. If you are the limited partner though, you may not have a hand in the day-to-day activities or management. Liability- As a limited partner your investment is your only liability. That being said your stake in the partnership is an asset that personal creditors may come after. Tax- As a limited partner your revenue from the company is federally taxed at the personal level. There are various situations to avoid taxation as a corporation. General partners must pay self employment tax. Longevity-A limited partnership is sometimes used as an estate planning tool. Therefore the continuity from generation to generation is very customizable. The limited partner may die and this will have very little impact on the business. Control- As a limited partner you have no say in the management or daily activities of the business. You may not bind the partnership to anything as a limited Partner. A general partner runs the daily operations and makes the management decisions. Profit Retention- If you are a limited partner you are entitled to the agreed upon amount of profit only after the general partner is paid. As a limited partner you have very little influence over the amount of profit generated. Location- Limited partnerships can change locations but it is inconvenient and could be considerably more expensive. Some states mandate the filing of tax forms for limited partnerships, not to mention some states have state income taxes. Convenience/ Burden- Articles of Partnership are needed. There are some states witch require registering limited partnerships, and strict attention should be paid to the activities witch the IRS considers â€Å"corporate.† C Corporations: C Corporations are a legal entity unto themselves. They shield the share holders, board members, and employees from liabilities. They have the ability to raise capital by selling portions of the company, and huge tax loopholes to shelter revenue. With all the loopholes however are huge tax burdens, often over 30% of the net. Liability- A corporation is a legal â€Å"being†. It can be sued, or bring legal action against someone. Therefore it provides a large umbrella for its owners and employee’s alike. When malfeasance occurs it will absorb the effects. Income Tax- Being it’s own legal entity is not cheap. The state that the business is located in could very well impose taxes, as well as the federal corporate tax rate witch is the highest in the world. Couple this with the fact that the employees that work there are then taxed again at the individual level, and you see how quickly things add up. Longevity- Corporations have the potential to last forever. Due to the fact that authority is so decentralized, one person getting ill or leaving the company is no more than a bump in the road. You could pass on your shares or stake in a company through proper estate planning. Control- If you were to incorporate your business it could be set up so that your family always had a seat on the board or always had voting rights at a shareholders meetings. However, especially in a public company, you must act in the best interest of the shareholders. No one person runs a corporation alone, there are shareholders, and usually board members. Authority being so decentralized makes complete autonomy very rare. Profit Retention- As there are many owners there are also many hands in the pot. The fact is that each shareholder is entitled to a portion of the company’s profit in direct relation to how much of the company they own. In closely held corporations this could be 3-4 individuals, but in a multi-national company this could be millions of people. Location- The federal government does not create any corporations. This is done at the state level. For a corporation to go from one state to another they would have to file as a foreign corporation. This can get expensive and legally â€Å"sticky† when deal with different state laws and agencies. Convenience/Burden- To incorporate a business is relatively easy. The challenge and burden comes in keeping it running and staying on the proper side of legal. It must file it’s own tax returns, contend with state and local laws, maintain the strictest accounting practices, conduct annual shareholders meetings, all while turning a profit for its shareholders. No small task. S Corporations- S Corporations are a legal entity. They offer a legal umbrella to their employees and owners as well. They have the ability to raise capital by selling off small pieces of themselves as stock. The S corporation has to follow the same strict accounting and reporting procedures as corporations, however their income is not taxed the same. Liability- An S corporation is a legal â€Å"being†. Therefore it provides a large umbrella of protection for its owners and employee’s alike. When malfeasance occurs it will absorb the effects. Income Tax- An S corporation is a specialized tax situation. It has most of the reporting and recording requirements of a C corp. but allows for the â€Å"pass through† of revenue to the individuals. The company The S corp. designation is however for federal purpose’s only, the state the company is in will certainly have it’s own laws. Longevity- S Corporations have the potential to last forever. Due to the fact that authority is so decentralized, one person getting ill or leaving the company is no more than a bump in the road. You could pass on your shares or stake in a company through proper estate planning. You could also have a seat on the board reserved for your family/heirs. Control- The fact is when a S Corporation is formed the corporation has to do what is best for itself. A lot like an autonomous person, it must continue to look out for its own survival. Normally one person does not dictate the course of a Corporation, there are several in charge of this. Profit Retention- Since there is no one individual at the pinnacle the profits are distributed through out. If there is a board of directors, share holders, stock owners, all of these individuals are entitled to a portion of the profits. Location- The federal government does not create any corporations. This is done at the state level. For a corporation to go from one state to another they would have to file as a foreign corporation. This can get expensive and legally â€Å"sticky† when deal with different state laws and agencies. Couple this with the fact that states deal with S corporations wildly different, from treating them like the federal government to not recognizing them at all. Convenience/Burden- To incorporate a business is relatively easy, although the fee’s can add up. S corporations must avoid several pitfalls so as they are not taxed like C corp.’s. This and the fact that the accounting is so stringent, they may not have over 100 share holders that meet once a year, and the laws so wildly differ from state to state make the burden factor high indeed. Limited Liability Company- With the protection of a corporation and the flexibility of a Sole Proprietorship, the LLC has become extremely popular since it’s recent creation. However they are not a vehicle for taking a company public, capital can be difficult to raise because the members will have to guarantee the loans, and the members must take care not to intermingle funds. Liability- The LLC, like a corporation, is it’s own legal â€Å"being†. It provides an umbrella for it’s members to operate under and not fear liability claims against themselves personally. Income Tax- LLC’s are in the unique position of deciding how they want to be taxed on a yearly basis. Most of the time LLC’s can function like other forms of small business. The income will pass through to the members who will then pay at the individual level. It does however have the option of paying at the corporate level so as to lower the tax bracket. (This is because the highest individual tax rate is higher than the corporate tax rate.) Longevity- If a member of an LLC dies or retires action will be determined by the operating agreement. This could include a buy/sell clause for the heirs, a transfer of ownership, or whatever state law dictates. In most cases Control- The fact that an LLC could be run by just one person means that he /she could have just as much control as a sole proprietor. The catch is with the finance’s. The finance’s must be maintained â€Å" at arms length† to maintain the corporate veil of protection. So long as this is done, the majority member/owner of the LLC has complete control. Profit Retention- The profits generated by the business flow to the members. The amount is in direct correlation with the amount of ownership each member holds. Location- All 50 states allow LLC’s now but the law varies wildly. Some states still want an ad run in the paper when a business is formed and others require a single 1 page form. To move from state to state can be done but the local laws might be prohibitive. Convenience/Burden- The LLC doesn’t require anywhere near the amount of accounting as a corporation. The articles of organization needs to be filed to create it and then the operating agreement dictates how it’s run.

Two Views Of Imperialism In The Twentieth Century History Essay

Two Views Of Imperialism In The Twentieth Century History Essay There were two countries that had a common link to imperialism. One was the country of India in 1907 and the other was the country of Uganda in 1923. These two countries had two separate responses to European imperialism. These two responses were written by two authors which had vastly different viewpoints on how imperialism was perceived throughout world history. These two viewpoints would later change the way society viewed imperialism. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, born in 1856 and died in 1920 was an Indian nationalist leader. He was educated in India and in London and admitted to the English bar in 1889. He practiced law unsuccessfully in India for two years. He was a journalist who utilized the newspapers to set forth his nationalist ideals. Bal Tilak was one of the most popular leaders of the early nationalist movement. He demanded self rule and was known as a man of action. The British feared him and described him as one of the most dangerous pioneers of disaffection and truly the father of Indian unrest. Bal Tilak used the belief system of the gurus M K Gandhi and Veer Savarkar. Lord Lugard was the one of the most important British colonial officials and a high commissioner for northern Nigeria. He later became the governor-general of Nigeria. In 1914, Lord Frederick Lugard, the governor of Britains territories in Nigeria, united the states in northern and southern Nigeria into a single colony. He worked in the administration of these two colonies and eventually formed the country of Nigeria. It was his work in these territories which led him to develop his theory of indirect rule. This fashion of rule, which emphasized working through native leaders and utilizing native social structures, became the official policy of British imperialism throughout the empire during the 1920s. There were also several similarities between the two authors and the country which they supported. One was that they both dealt with imperialism. The idea of imperialism is to rule over a people or a place through colonization, military power, economic or political power. It also is defined as the creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural, and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire based on domination and subordination. The word imperialism comes from the term empire. Imperialism refers to the practice of domination of one country by another in order to expand territory, power and influence. It usually carries with it the idea of cultural superiority on the part of the imperialist, judging the way of life, traditions and beliefs of those colonized as inferior and worthy of replacement: Another similarity between the two documents is that both of these documents concerned nationalism. Nationalism was the common link between the two documents and their associated country, since both Lugard and Tilak envisioned a Nationalist society. They wanted Nationalism because it is a belief that creates and sustains a nation as a concept of a common identity for a group of humans. According to the theory of nationalism, it is the preservation of identity features and the independence of all people from the country are a common fundamental value. Naturally, where there are similarities there are also differences. These are some of the points in which the viewpoints of Lord Lugard are different than that of Bal Tilak. One difference is that the document written by Bal Tilak about India concerns the Indian National Congress. This was an Indian political party founded in 1885 and created by a group of English-speaking urban intellectuals. Its founding members proposed economic reforms and wanted a larger role in the making of British policy for India. was founded in order that educated Indians might gain something of a voice in the governance of their own country. By 1907, however, the Congress had split into a moderate group which sought dominion status for India, and a radical militant group led by Bal Tilak which proposed a system of self-rule. The Indian National Congress would be good for India once Britain rule was replaced by indirect rule. Another difference is the idea of indirect rule. The system of indirect rule, which Lord Lugard supported meant that it was the understanding of the British colonial method to rule through and by the natives. Although, they also had to submit to a higher authority, which in this case was Britain. He advocated that an indirect rule system had three major institutions. One was the native authority made up of the local ruler, the colonial official, and the administrative staff. The next was the native treasury which collected revenues to pay for the local administrative staff and services. The last was the native courts which supposedly applied native laws and customs. the supposedly traditional legal system of the colonized that was used by the courts to adjudicate cases. People in Africa previously had diverse types of government ranging from highly centralized states to stateless societies. As a result, indirect rule increased divisions between ethnic groups and gave power to certain men of higher authority that never had it before. This system operated with the association of already established political leaderships and institutions. The theory and practice of indirect rule is commonly associated with the emirates of northern Nigeria. The emirates had an established and functional administrative system and Lord Lugard simply adapted it to his own way of thinking. This was cheap and convenient. The attempts to portray the use of indirect rule as an expression of British administrative genius did not work. It was a realistic and frugal choice based partly on using existing functional institutions. This choice was also partially structured upon Britains unwillingness to provide the resources required to manage its vast empire. Instead, it developed the stubborn view that the colonized should pay for their own colonial control. Therefore, Britain gave the colonized the choice of indirect rule. In this disperse society, the system of indirect rule did not work very well because there was no single ruler. The Britis h colonizers who were unfamiliar with these new and unique political systems insisted that African natives should have chiefs. Imperialist ambitions in Africa were boosted by the expansion of competitive trade in Europe. The main aim was to secure commercial and trade links with African colonies and protect those links from other European competitors. Europe established trade relations with certain African colonies and promoted trade with these countries. European traders were at first not interested in expanding into the interior of Africa. As long as African rulers assured them of a supply of slaves from the interior, they felt no need to expand into the interior. The rapid expansion of industries made European countries look to Africa for a supply of cheap raw materials and slave labor. These two different responses to British imperialism may tell the reader more information about the colonizer. A colonizer is the people or persons that establishes a colony in another country or place. Africans resisted colonial rule from the outset but were not strong enough to defend themselves against European conquest. As a result, most of Africa was colonized. Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained free. Colonization was resisted as the local people tried to hold on to their land and freedom. In most cases this was unsuccessfull. The responses may also tell the reader more about the colonized people. To be colonized means to migrate to and settle in order to establish a colony or territory under the immediate political control of a state. Bal Tilak spoke powerful and accurately of India and summarized the feelings of the new and increasingly militant national movement. He said that the British rulers ruined trade, caused the collapse of industry, and destroyed the peoples courage and abilities. Under the colonial regimen, Tilak asserted that the country was offered neither education, rights, or respect for public opinion. Without prosperity and contentment, the Indian people suffered constantly from poverty and famine and the decimation of health. Tilak saw only one remedy which was for the Indian people to take political power. If the people did not have this then the Indian industry could not develop and the youth could not be educated. Therefore the country could not win social reforms or material welfare for the people. Tilak saw colonial rule as being unfavorable to Indias progress, and the contradictions between the British oppressors and the Indian people as being irreconcilable. Later societies within certain countries were able to understand the European imperial system by learning from past mistakes. In the late 19th century India was an agricultural society. Jute, raw cotton, tea and coffee were exported to Britain. Textiles and other manufactured products were imported from Britain to India. The Indian textile industry could not compete with cheap, mass produced British goods. However in the early 20th century Indian industries began to develop. It was still mostly a farming and agricultural country but this was beginning to change. At the same time Britain was in decline. In the mid-19th century Britain was the most powerful country in the world but by the end of the century other powers such as Germany and the USA had caught up. Britain was weakened by the first world war and continued to decline in the 1920s and 1930s. As Britain declined Indian nationalist feelings grew stronger. Indirect rule worked well in areas which had long standing centralized state systems such as chiefdoms, kingdoms, and empires along with their respective administrative and judicial systems of government. This meant that the African leaders could exercise authority at the mercy of European colonial officials. Thus the political and social restaints that tied them to their people in the old system had been broken. Some clever African leaders maneuvered and ruled as best they could. Others used the new colonial setting to become tyrants and oppressors, even though they were eventually responsible to the British officials. Imperialism takes the form of political control and creating economic dependence. In Europe, the period where imperialism coincided with growing nationalism and unification when previously divided political units were united under a single monarchy. An alliance allowed for empire building because people were gathered under a monarchy that claimed the right to rule them. Examples are German and Italian unification. Towards the end of the 19th century, imperialism became a policy of colonial expansion pursued by different European powers. The way that these two authors from separate countries defined imperialism was one of the ways that imperialism was assisted in the way it extended and became more prevalent globally after 1920. These are the ways in which these two documents have helped later societies to understand the European imperial system and the successive independence movements of the early twentieth century. Sources: Indian National Congress à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/history/A0825112.html#ixzz1KeEizdAI Frederick D. Lugard. The Rise of Our East African Empire, 2 vols. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1:381-82. Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: His Writings and Speeches. Madras: Ganesh and Co., 1923, pp. 56-65

Othello was Insane :: Othello essays

Othello was Insane Shakespeare's "Othello" is a prime example of a cleverly crafted tragedy. Othello himself has all the elements of a tragic hero: the personal grievance involving a friend and loved one, the tragic flaw (gullibility), the sacrifice of suicide. Othello's strong love for his wife and the love that Desdemona shows him by betraying her father shows the bond between the two of them. As a man Othello was honorable and noted with high regard around Venice, also a strong and great leader. Every great leader has much stress on him no matter how great the leader. The stress of battle, the jealousy, and the loss of honor are what drove Othello insane and this is why he hath killed his wife. Although the stress of battle was not mentioned in the play one could imagine the stresses put on a man with such stories of battle that Othello himself told Brabantio. "Her father loved me, oft invited me; /Still questioned me the story of my life/From year to year- the battles sieges, fortunes/That I have passed."(I, iii, 128-131) The numerous battles and the hardships of war wear a man down. The stresses of everyday things at work get to us but the stresses of battle must be and uncountable times worse. Othello seemed to be and was mentioned as a good leader with the respect of the Duke. The stresses of being a black man leading an army of white soldiers that might respect you as a leader but might not respect you as a human would affect you also. Othello seemed to handle the stresses of war just fine but with the jealousy added into his life by the most evil Iago's plot against him and Cassio was something that Othello had trouble managing. Othello was new to the married life and did not want to leave his wife behind so he left her in the hands of the "honest" Iago. "My life upon her faith! - Honest Iago, /My Desdemona must I leave to thee"(I, iii, 294-295). Iago caused the jealousy in Othello's heart and made it burn with such passion and with some false proof caused Othello to begin his break from reality. The honor lost by the rumor of a cheating wife was the straw that

Frogs :: essays research papers fc

Frogs are needed for everyday life. They are part of pond life. Each animal is important because even in the pond, there is a food chain. Frogs are amphibians, animals that spend half of their lives under water, and remainder on land. The first frog appeared in the early Jurassic period about 200 million years ago.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Frogs live on every continent except Antarctica, but tropical regions have the largest amount. Like all amphibians, frogs spend half their lives near water because they must return to the water to lay their eggs. Frogs live underwater mostly when the are growing up to be an adult frog and when they are laying their eggs. When they hatch under water they are tadpoles and the breath with gills and swim using a tail. As they mature they loose their tail and they develop to be able to breathe air. During an extensive period of heat, a drought, frogs can enter a period of damancy similar to hibernation called starvation. Most of the frogs live in tropical and semitropical regions, most species of frogs breed in the spring or in early summer. Although the different species my vary in size and color, mostly all frogs have basic body structure. They have large hind legs, short front legs and flat head and body with no neck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most frogs have teeth only on their upper jaw. Toads swallow their prey in one piece. To aid in the swallowing process, the frog’s eyes sink through the openings in the skull and force the food down its throat. Frogs eat insects, catching them with their long sticky tongue. They also eat small fish and worms. They also absorb concentrate to make them stronger, and toxins (poisonous substances) in their fatty tissues.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the 1980’s scientists have noted the decline of many frog species. People do not know for certain what has caused these declines. A possible factor is pollution, disease, habitat destruction, and acid rain. Another factor may be the thinning of the earth’s protective ozone layer, which allows more harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun to reach the earth. Because frogs have thin, moist skin and an aquatic tadpole stage, they are easily affected by pollution and changes in the environment.

Writing as Healing :: essays papers

Writing as Healing Chapter five, Writing as Healing and the Rhetorical Tradition: Sorting Out Plato, Postmodernism, Writing Pedagogy, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder written by T.R. Johnson of the University of New Orleans describes the different views of how language helps a person who has encountered a traumatic experience overcome and heal. Chapter nine, Pathography and Enabling Myths: The Process of Healing written by Anne Hunsaker Hawkins of Pennsylvania State University discusses how personal writing, such as autobiographies and biographies, promote healing in regards to illness. Both of these two chapters speak about writing in regards to healing, but chapter nine speaks about a specific writing that tends to be more effective. Classical logotherapists believed that disease and illness inflicted a person in order to punish a person for something he/she had done. The illness was also viewed as a form of trauma that deformed one’s character by society of the classical era and healing of the illness restored one’s identity and moral purity. Healers used â€Å"verbal charms, prayers, and incantations† in order to drive out the demon that caused the illness from the infected person. Plato believed that healing occurred â€Å"in a plane of absolute, unchanging truths above and beyond the plane of lived experience.† In other words, Plato rejected the idea of that language could heal the diseased or traumatized person. Postmodern healers believe that healing occurs through â€Å"self-actualization† which occurs through writing, another form of language. They feel that writing will provide an insight to the individual and that insight will allow the healing process to begin. It is said that pathography allows a person to heal because one consistently remembers new details when one writes about a particular experience. The remembering of these details are imperative to the healing process because it not only allows the person to get through the experience by re-telling it also allows one to get beyond the traumatic experience. The healing process often occurs through writing an autobiography or biography because the writer soon begins to feel that others should learn from his/her experience, which bridges self-suffering and the outside world. Pathography demonstrates that healing oneself often involves reaching out to others, which writing does.

Mounties v. Cowboys Essay

1. Sarah Vowell reverses her friend’s assertion of Canada not being inspirational by writing about the Royal Canadian Mounted police, and how they are different from American cowboys who were taught to shoot any Indian that approached camp. The Mounties knew to avoid America’s problem with the western Native American tribes. She compares Canada’s one law for everyone to the America that always spoke of equal rights, yet they still have a lot of work to do about it. Although Canada may seem like a boring country that hasn’t really done much, it was actually a place of refuge for the north-west Native American tribes back in the day. The Indians called the border line between America and Canada the â€Å"medicine line†, and if they did not want to be shot at for approaching American settlers, that is where they needed to go. It may look like the Mounties haven’t done anything dangerous or victorious, but they are known for their fairness to Ind ians who seek refuge in their country, and that is how I see Sarah Vowell reversing her friends’ assertion that Canadian history â€Å"isn’t inspiring†. 2. I think Sarah Vowell was expecting her readers not to be so surprised that Americans don’t really think about Canada at all. Canada isn’t really considered a threat to America because it’s such a peaceful and harmless country. Sara vowell even mentions how Canada gained independence through polite meetings with Britain. Other countries would just go to war to gain their independence. If Canadians could gain their independence just for being nice and cooperative, what is there to worry about? People don’t really take Canada seriously anyway. Canada is like that one neighbor that never leaves the house, but is always happy and welcoming when people go to visit. So when an American says they don’t think about Canada at all, they mean it. 3. â€Å"Cowboys v. Mounties† is a Rhetorical mode compare and contrast essay. Sarah Vowell compares the Canada and America’s patriotism. She compares the Canadians who are so selfless and non-violent, to the Americans who are so aggressive and prideful. One way we know for sure that this is would be a compare and contrast essay is just by reading the title. It says â€Å"Cowboys V. Mounties†. Another way we know that this is a compare and contrast essay is by the way the Canadian woman asked an American man what Americans really thought about Canada. His response would later lead into the author  comparing two countries. 4. Sarah Vowell’s introduction strategy begins with relevant background material. She starts off her first sentence in all capital letters, and that definitely catches the readers’ eye. I like the way Sarah Vowell keeps her readers interested and curious through her opening sentence â€Å"CANADA HAUNTS ME†. Of course, people want to know how a very peaceful country could haunt someone. I think that the audience that Sarah vowell was trying or expecting to hook was the Americans, and that her whole purpose was to change their point of view on Canadian history and their country. 5. Sarah Vowell’s opinion in the sermon is similar to her ideas about American and Canadian culture in â€Å"Cowboys v. Mounties†. Just from synthesizing the article and quote from the book, we could tell that in general, Sarah Vowell thinks that the â€Å"peaceful and cooperative† America that everyone dreams of is actually Canada. In the quote and article, it looks like Sarah admires Canada for the way they handle things, like their fairness to everyone. It looked like she was trying to say that America needs to be calmer instead of being all aggressive, and that they need to start acting on things they always speak of. Both of these countries were under the rule of Great Britain and they both wanted independence. They just achieved it differently. America went to war and Canada went to meetings. I think what Sarah vowell is trying to say through her writings is that America doesn’t need to be so prideful and mean just to be a great country.

Fast food Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of fast food Food that is prepared and served quickly is termed as ‘fast food’. Fast food such as McDonald, KFC, Pizza Hut, Burger King and others already suits perfectly into the fast paced life of a modern era. There are about 400 KFC’s restaurant, more than 150 McDonald’s restaurant and about 50 Burger King’s restaurant in Malaysia. Despite all the debate about the advantages and disadvantages that fast food has, the industry is flourishing. The most evident advantage of fast food is that it saves time. At the end of a hard-working day, when one returns home all tired and hungry, there is nothing better than getting a ready meal such as pizza or burger. Besides time, cost saving gives fast food an edge over the meal prepared in the kitchen. If one lives alone, then it is cheaper to buy a meal at the supermarket instead of cooking it at home. Usually, fast food is higher in soya, fat, sugar, oil, fried meat, salt, cheese, mayonnaise and obviously calories. In fact, fast food is more unhealthy than home-cooked meals, because it contains higher amounts of unwanted nutrients like salt, fat and various types of additives (artificial chemicals). The disadvantage of fast food is it will cause obesity in population, high blood pressure, strokes and related diseases of the heart. Nowadays, fast food restaurant becomes a good place for youngsters to hangout with friends and peers. This is a factor that is making a number of families spend less and less time together. As a result, relationship between family members become bad. Fast food has its own pros and cons. If we making some smart choices while placing the order for fast food, we can definitely minimize the drawbacks of fast food. Salads are a smart choice. If you could choose between the fried and boiled options, order the boiled preparation. Avoid ordering carbonic drinks when you are thirsty, go for fruit juices, low-fat milk, diet soda.

Vikram Sarabhai Essays and Term Papers

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA) MCA/ASSIGN/III/YEAR/2012 ASSIGNMENTS Year, 2012-13 (3rd Semester) (MCS-031, MCS-032, MCS-033, MCS-034, MCS-035, MCSL-36) There are ten questions in this assignment, which carries 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions. You may use illustration and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the MCA Programme Guide for the format of presentation. The examples, whenever asked to be given, should be different from those that are discussed in the course material.Question1: Using Insertion Sort, sort the following sequence in increasing (10 marks) order and do the analysis of the algorithm: 35, 37, 18, 15, 40, 12 Question 2: Write a pseudocode for divide and conquer algorithm for finding the position of an array of n numbers and estimate the number of key comparisons made by your algorithm. (10 marks) Question 3: Apply quicksort to sort the following list: Q U I C K S O R T (10 marks) in alphabetical order. Find the element whose position is unchanged in the sorted list. Question 4: Write Strassen’s matrix multiplications algorithm for obtaining the product of two matrices. 10 marks) Question 5: (i) Define DFS. Explain briefly how it differs from BFS. (10 marks) (ii) Write pseudocode for DFS and calculate its time complexity Question 6: Apply Kruskal’s algorithm to find minimal spanning tree with an example. (10 marks) Question7: Arrange the following growth rates in increasing order: O (3n), O (n2), O (1), O (n log n) Question 8: Using Principle of Mathematical Induction, prove that the sum 20 + 21 +†¦+ 2n is 2n +1 – 1 for all n ? 1. (4 marks) (6 marks) Question 9: Define Knapsack Problem and cite one instance of the problem. (5 arks) Question 10: Explain the essential idea of Dynamic Programming. How does Dynamic Programming differ from Divide and conquer approach for solving problems? (5 marks) 3 Course Code Course Titlle Assignment Number Assignment Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-032 Object Oriented Analysis and Design MCA(3)/032/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) There are eight questions in this assignment, which carried 80 marks. Rest 20 marks are for viva-voce. Answer all the questions.Make necessary assumptions where ever required. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Program Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: What is Object Orientation? Explain features of Object Oriented approach of system design. Why it is better than Structured approach of system design. (10 Marks) What is UML? Briefly explain, different UML Diagrams used for Modeling. Question 2: (10 Marks) Question 3: What is class diagrams? Explain how classes are identified in designing of an object oriented system, with the help of an example. (10 Marks) What is generalization?Explain how it is different from specialization with an example. Question 4: (10 Marks) Question 5: What is dynamic model? Also explain how it is different from object model. (10 Marks) Question 6: What is state diagram ? Differentiate between a simple state diagram and a composite state diagram. Draw state diagram for Railway Reservation System. (10 Marks) What is Bi-directional Implementation? Explain advantages of Bi- directional Implementation with example. (10 Marks) What is ternary association? Explain how ternary associations are mapped into tables with an example. (10 Marks)Question 7: Question 8: 4 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-033 Advanced Discrete Mathematics MCA(3)/033/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) There are FIVE questions of total 80 marks in this assignment. Answer all questions. 20 Marks are for viva-voce. You may use illu strations and diagrams to enhance explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation.Question 1: (a) Using Karnaugh map, simplify X': A'BC'D'+ ABCD+ ABCD'+ ABCD' (5 Marks) (b) Describe Konigsberg’s 7 bridges problem and Euler's solution to it. B (5 Marks) (c) Show that the sum of the degrees of all vertices of a graph is twice the number of edges in the graph. (5 Marks) Question 2: (a) Let G be a non directed graph with 12 edges. If G has 5 vertices each of degree 3 and the rest have degree less than 3, what is the minimum number of vertices G can have? (5 Marks) (b) What is Graph Cloning? Explain K-edge cloning with an example. (5 Marks) c) Let f(n)= 5 f(n/ 2) + 3 and f(1) = 7. Find f(2k) where k is a positive integer. Also estimate f(n) if f is an increasing function. (5 Marks) Question 3: (a) Define r-regular graph. Give an example of 3-regular graph. (5 Marks) (b) f is bijective function with Ra nge of f as the (5 Marks) 5 (c) What are isomorphic graphs? Are the graphs given below isomorphic? Explain why? (7 Marks) a b 1 d c 3 4 2 (i) (ii) (4 Marks) (d) What is connected Graph? Construct a graph with chromatic number 5. Question 4: (a) Solve following recurrence relations i) = + n, =2 (9 Marks) sing substitution method ii) iii) 9 = (b) Write a short note on Tower of Hanoi Problem. How can it be solved using recursion ? Question 5: (a) Show that for subgraph H of a graph G ? (H) ? ? (G) (b) What is Divide and Concuer relations? Explain with an example? (4 Marks) (4 Marks) (4 Marks) (c) Find a power series associated with the problem where we have to find a number of ways to select 10 people to form and expert committee from 6 Professors and 12 Associate Professors. (4 Marks) (d) Tree is a Bipartite Graph† justify the statement with an example? (4 Marks) 6Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCS-034 Sof tware Engineering MCA(3)/034/Assign/12 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has one question for 80 marks. 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: Assume that you are assigned responsibility of developing a Student Admission System (SAS).Admissions take place through various modes such as accepting applications by post, online etc. SAS should accept data from all modes and create a merit list for admissions to various programmes offered by the University. For developing SAS as specified above, (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Which SDLC paradigm will be selected. Justify your answer. List the functional and non-functional requirements. Estimate cost Estimate effort Develop SRS using IEEE format (20 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (10 marks) (30 marks) 7 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : :MCS-035 Accountancy and Financial Management MCA (3)/035/Assign/2012 100 25% 15th October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 15th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has five questions. Answer all questions. 20 marks are for viva voce. You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. Question 1: From the following Trial Balance of Rama Nand Sagar, prepare Trading and Profit & Loss Account for the year ended 31st December, 2011 and a Balance Sheet as on that date:Dr.Balances Opening Stock Purchases Sales Return Carriage Inwards Carriage Outwards Wages Salaries Plant & Machinery Furniture Sundry Debtors Bills Receivable Cash in Hand Travelling Expenses Lighting Rent and Taxes General Expenses Insurance Drawings Rs. 20,000 80,00 0 6,000 3,600 800 42,000 27,500 90,000 8,000 52,000 2,500 6,300 3,700 1,400 7,200 10,500 1,500 18,000 3,81,000 Cr. Balances Sales Purchase Return Discount Sundry Creditors Bills Payable Capital Rs. 2,70,000 4,000 5,200 25,000 1,800 75,000 3,81,000 8 Adjustments:(1) Stock on 31st December, 2011 was valued at Rs. 24,000 (Market Value Rs. 0,000). (2) Wages outstanding for December, 2011 amounted to Rs. 3,000. (3) Salaries outstanding for December, 2011 amounted to Rs. 2,500. (4) Prepaid insurance amounted to Rs. 300. (5) Provide depreciation on Plant and Machinery at 5% and on Furniture at 20%. (20Marks) Question 2: Following are the balance sheets of a limited company as on 31st December, 2010 and 2011. Liabilities 2010 Rs. 2011 Rs. Assets 2010 Rs. 2011 Rs. Share Capital Reserves B. & L A/c Bank Loan (Long-term) Creditors Bills Payable 64,000 13,000 8,600 25,000 38,000 8,000 1,56,600 84,000 15,500 8,800 –34,000 8,500 1,50,800Goodwill Buildings Plant Stock Debtors Cash Bank 3,00 0 50,950 35,000 25,500 42,000 150 –1,56,600 2,250 48,000 43,000 18,800 36,200 180 2,100 1,50,800 Taking into account the following additional information, you are re-required to prepare funds flow statement and statement of changes in working capital. (a) Dividend paid was Rs. 6,000/(b) Rs. 3,600/- was written off as depreciation on plant and Rs. 2,950/- on buildings. (c) Profit on sale of plant was Rs. 3,000/(20 Marks) 9 Question 3: The following are the ratios extracted from the Balance Sheet of a company as on 31st Dec 2011. Draw up the Balance Sheet of the company.Current Liabilities Current Assets Liquidity Ratio Stock Turnover Ratio (Based on COGS) Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio (Based on sale) Gross Profit as percentage of sales Debtor collection period Working capital Shareholders Capital Reserve and Surplus 1. 0 2. 5 1. 5 6 2 20% 2 Months Rs. 3, 00,000 Rs. 5, 00,000 Rs. 2, 50,000 (20 Marks) Question 4: Critically examine the various methods of evaluation of capital budg eting proposals? Explain the significance and application of the technique of discounted cash-flow. (20 Marks) Question 5: What do you mean by receivable management? What are its objectives?Explain the dimensions of receivable management. (20 Marks) 10 Course Code Course Title Assignment Number Maximum Marks Weightage Last Dates for Submission : : : : : : MCSL-036 Lab Course MCA (3)/036L/Assign/2012 100 25% 31st October, 2012 (For July 2012 Session) 30th April, 2013 (For January 2013 Session) This assignment has three sections. Answer all the questions in each section. Section 1 and Section 2 are of 13 marks each. The lab records related to these sections also carries 13 marks each. Section 3 and lab records related to section 3 carry 14 marks each. Rest 20 marks are for viva voce.You may use illustrations and diagrams to enhance the explanations. Please go through the guidelines regarding assignments given in the Programme Guide for the format of presentation. SECTION 1: MCS-032 Qu estion 1: Ram and Shyam are starting a breakfast in a small town. They will have three bedrooms for guests. They want to develop software service to manage the reservations and to monitor expenses and profits. When a potential customer calls for a reservation, they will check the calendar, and if there is a vacancy, they will enter the customer name, address, phone number, dates, agreed upon price, credit card number, and room number(s).Reservations must be guaranteed by 1 day’s payment. Reservations will be held without guarantee for an agreed upon time. If not guaranteed by that date, the reservation will be dropped. i) Draw at least two use case diagrams and define all the classes. ii) Draw the Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams. iii) Draw the Class Diagrams. iv) Draw the State Transition Diagram. v) Draw the Component Deployment Model. SECTION 2: MCS-034 Question 1: An automobile dealer wants to automate its inventory. It can record all of the cars that a customer purcha ses. It records all repairs. It records all arriving shipments of repair parts.The dealer wants daily reports on total daily repairs, daily sales, and total inventory. This report is called â€Å"dailyreport. † The dealer also keeps track of all customers and potential customers that visit the dealership. The dealer also wants a monthly report showing all visits and purchases by customers listed by day of the month. The dealer also wants the ability to query about any customer or potential customer. (2 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (3 marks) (2 marks) 11 i) Develop the SRS by performing requirements study. ii) Identify various processes of the system and generate the DFD’s for the system.You may use any software to develop the DFD. iii) Design the ER diagram for the company and do the database design giving all the constraints. iv) Perform the detailed procedural design for any two processes. (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) v) Create at least four test cases for e ach of the procedures designed in part (iv) (2 marks) vi) Suggest some security mechanism for the usage of the system with various privileges. (2 marks) vii) Draw the PERT diagram for the given set of tasks and dependencies. Complete the table showing the critical path and the slack time. 2 marks) SECTION 3: MCS-035 Question 1: Prepare Trading Account and Profit and Loss A/c of Mr. Sanyam and Balance Sheet from the following balances extracted from books for the year ending 31st March 2009: (14 marks) Trial Balance of Mr. Sanyam as on 31st March, 2009 Dr. Amount (Rs. ) 1,520 17,425 10,000 900 4,000 2,750 50 100 50 100 100 150 300 500 18,750 150 Cr. Amount (Rs. ) Particulars Cash Account Bank Account Machinery Account Furniture A/c Stock (1-4-2005) Purchase A/c Discount Allowed Repair A/c Cartage A/c Municipal Taxes Advertising A/c Rent A/c Salaries Bad debts A/c Capital Bad debts recovered A/c 2 Discount Received Sales Loan @ 12% p. a. Shyam Bros. 37,945 45 15,000 2,000 2,000 37,945 Following adjustment are to be made: (i) Salaries Outstanding Rs. 200, Prepaid Rent Rs. 50. (ii) Provide depreciation on machinery at 10%; write off furniture by 20%. (iii) Interest on loan has been due for one year and remained unpaid. (iv) Write off Rs. 400 which are not to be paid to Shyam Bros. (v) Provide interest on capital @6% p. a. for full year. (vi) Value of closing stock on 31. 3. 2006 was Rs. 8,000. 13

Ethics and the Professional Code of Conduct Essay

Reasons ethics and integrity are important for a police chief or county sheriff. In today’s society, it is not an easy job being a county sheriff or a police chief. The society has become over-critical of law enforcement and the person on top of the chain of command has fully responsibility of all actions on him/her since there are responsible for making the important decisions as to what is morally upright (Perez & Moore, 2012). How the police relate to the public since they need to have the confidence of the public to ensure community policing work. Ethics and integrity are important to a police chief since they help him make day to day decisions in the police force. Some of the unethical behavior that police officers engage include; theft, over speeding, misuse of public office and excessive use of force. The set code of conduct will help a police chief to deal with the officers who are engaged in unethical behavior without discrimination or corruption. Ethics will help pol ice chief in making important decisions in the force. Assigning duties to different officers will require the chief to follow ethics and assign duties to officers according to their performance and not discriminate other officers. This will ensure there is equality in the force which will greatly contribute to the overall performance of the force. When there is integrity from the seniors other officers will follow suit making the entire force more productive in performing their duties. Ethics and integrity will also help a police chief to report cases from his force with honesty to his seniors. This will ensure that he reports truthfully of all the activities of his county. This will lead to a proper relationship with the seniors and this helps in the positive development of the force. When ethics and integrity are practiced in the force it increases the public confidence with the force which in turn improves the collaboration of the public and police in fighting crime. Difference between ethics, integrity and morality within law enforcement. Integrity refers to the state of feeling whole and unbroken by ones actions. It’s the quality of being honest and morally upright (Killinger, 2010). A police office needs to be honest in his actions and always be willing to tell the truth. He should not be involved in activities that would ruin his integrity and in the process damage his reputation. Ethics refers to a set code of conduct. Each profession has its ethics which are generally accepted standard of what is desirable and undesirable. It is what is considered by the society to be good or bad behavior of a person or an entity. Ethics may also include a defined basis of discipline including exclusion (Bonhoeffer & Clifford, 2005). A police officer should always be ethical and not be involved in activities like excessive use of force or abuse of the public office which is unethical and would ruin the image of the police force to the general public. Morality on the other side refers to the ability of a person to differentiate between right and wrong. This greatly helps police officers while making decisions which are spot on. Officers need to be morally upright to ensure that in all the situations they can differentiate what is right or wrong and take the necessary actions. Ways a police chief or county sheriff should use ethics and the code of conduct in decision making. A police is always presented with decisions in which he has to be ethical when making them. One of them is when assigning duties to other officers. He needs to assign duties to the officers according to their abilities and not to discriminate, example, assigning his friends the simple jobs available. He is needs to be ethical when dealing with the cases which are reported. He should not discriminate if he knows the accused or if they are relatives and all the rules should apply to every criminal regardless of the relation with him. By being ethical, the public level of confidence rises and working with the police becomes easier since there is trust between the t wo (Josephson, 2009). References Bonhoeffer, D., & Clifford J, J. G. (2005). Ethics. Killinger, B. (2010). Integrity: Doing the Right Thing for the Right Reason. Perez, D., & Moore, J. (2012). Police Ethics. Josephson, M. (2009). Becoming an Exemplary Peace Officer: The Guide to Ethical Decision Making.

Abstractions in Power-Writing Essays - American Enlightenment

Abstractions in Power-Writing There are many abstractions in the Declaration of Independence. These abstractions such as: rights, freedom, liberty and happiness have become the foundations of American society and have helped to shape the "American Identity." Power, another abstraction that reoccurs in all the major parts of the Declaration of Independence plays an equally important role in shaping "America identity." One forgets the abstraction of power, because it appears in relation to other institutions: the legislature, the King, the earth, and the military. The abstraction of power sets the tone of the Declaration, and shapes the colonists conception of government and society. Power in the Declaration of Independence flows from distinct bodies within society such as the King, the legislature, the military, and the colonists. The Oxford English Dictionary defines power as, "the ability to do or effect something or anything, or to act upon a person or thing" (OED 2536). Throughout the ages according to the dictionary the word power has connoted similar meanings. In 1470 the word power meant to have strength and the ability to do something, "With all thair strang *poweir" (OED 2536) Nearly three hundred years later in 1785 the word power carried the same meaning of control, strength, and force, "power to produce an effect, supposes power not to produce it; otherwise it is not power but necessity" (OED 2536). This definition explains how the power government or social institutions rests in their ability to command people, rocks, colonies to do something they otherwise would not do. To make the people pay taxes. To make the rocks form into a fence. To make the colonists honor the King. The colonialists adopt this interpretation of power. They see power as a cruel force that has wedded them to a King who has "a history of repeated injuries and usurptions." The framers of the Declaration of Independence also believe powers given by God to the people must not be usurped. The conflict between these spheres of power the colonists believe, justifies their rebellion. The uses of the word power set the tone of the Declaration of Independence. In the first sentence of the Declaration colonists condemn the King's violation of powers given by god to all men. When in the Course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of natures God Entitle them (Wills 375). In this passage the writers of the Declaration of Independence are explaining their moral claim to rebel. This right finds its foundation on their interpretation of the abstraction of power. Colonists perceive power as bifurcated, a force the King uses to oppress them, and a force given to them by God allowing them to rebel. In the Declaration of Independence the colonists also write about power as a negative force. In the following quote power takes on a negative meaning because power rests in the hands of the King and not the people, "to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned" (Wills 376). Power when mentioned in association with the power of the people to make their own laws has a positive connotation, "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to Civil power" (Wills 377). These two different uses of the word power transform the meaning and tone of the Declaration of Independence. The meaning changes from just a Declaration of independence from Britain because of various violations of tax laws, military expenditures, and colonists' rights; to a fundamental disagreement about power. Whether the King or civil authorities have a right to power. The colonists believe in the decentralization of power. The British support a centralized monarchy. The colonists believe power should flow up from the people to the rulers. The British believe power should flow down from the King to the subjects. The two different uses of the world power also change the tone of the document. The colonist's definition of power as coercive in the hands of the King and good in the hands of civil authorities identifies the King as the

Emotional Intelligence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Emotional Intelligence - Term Paper Example d how a nurse leader or manager could apply both emotional intelligence and appreciative inquiry strategies to address this issue and facilitate positive results that lead to improved quality. Appreciative inquiry is defined by Nel and Pretorius (2012) as "The study of what gives life to human systems when they function at their best" (p. 41). Nel and Pretorius (2012) further asserts that appreciative inquiry functions under the postulation that human beings posses exceptional and distinctive talents, abilities, and involvements. Therefore, there exist intact and unexploited strengths that have to be connected or intertwined in order to achieve change. In other words, appreciative inquiry involve investigations to identify the strengths of an entity by means of well calculated queries with an intention of achieving change. Emotional intelligence, as explicated by Sadri (2012), involves "perceiving emotions, to access and generate emotions so as to assist thought" (p. 536). It also involves controlling or managing feelings in order to support and encourage poignant and logical development (Sadri, 2012). Conflicts are inevitable in health care organizations. Health care organizations comprise of individuals from diverse backgrounds with divergent opinions regarding specific issues. Therefore, diversity contributes to these conflicts. Emotional intelligence and appreciative inquiry can be used to prevent conflicts in health care organizations. During conflicts, nurses and other medical practitioners are likely to demonstrate emotions or sentiments. In other words, their responses in times of conflicts are based on their emotions. By using emotional intelligence, i can be able to comprehend nurses emotions and thus use the understanding to make decisions relating to conflict resolution. This is in view to the fact that people have divergent viewpoints and hence their emotions ought to be considered in conflict resolutions. This will result to a healthy dialogue that

Risk Management Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Management Program - Assignment Example Before starting to implement change as a manager, I should ask myself the following questions, what need to be achieved through this change, how will I know that the process has been attained, who will be affected by this process and when change occur how will they react. To proactively manage system change, the following principles should be applied; developing a plane, supporting it, regular communication with the affected people, and involving the main people. The first step should be to involve the key people. This involves top management and other executives whose employees might be affected. The second step is developing a plan that will oversee effective transformation. The plan will define the roles of the main people involved at the same time putting down the short and long term objectives required for changes. This plan should also be flexible to accommodate any occurrence since change is unpredictable. The third step is supporting the plan. The main purpose of this step is to enable employees adapt the changes made; this is because the new structures might require training or hiring other employees. The last step occurs through the process. This involves free communication with the employees frequently about what is happening, why the occurrence is being carried out and how they are developing is significant. Since change can instill fear on the employees, increased communication will be used to remove the fear and encourage their consistent support. As a manager, I should be always around to take suggestion or respond to questions that might arise from the employees. Coming up with employees opportunities to provide they suggestions like holding meetings will facilitate change better. Plans, policies and procedures in an organization ensure that duties and services are carried out in a consistent manner. To create a risk management policy, there are some guidelines that need to be followed; these include the purpose of the policy, how it will be imp lemented, it should be in compliant with the federal, provincial and municipal regulations, and should be documented in writing. In creating a procedure, step by step instructions are created on how to carry out the significant task. Also the supervisor should be contacted if the employee wants to go beyond the given task. Transparency in an organization is important since it ensures efficient running of an organization. To have a transparent organization, as a manager, I should close the perception gap between the senior leaders and lower managers. I should also put in place a mechanism that ensures that there is proper communication between different parties to ensure that vital issues are communicated. And as manager, incase I encounter disappointing things; I should treat employees as adults with respect. A risk management plan is a document that is created and it outline how the risk management process will be organized, the phases it will have, the way it will be carried out a nd those who will be involved. The following steps are followed in designing a risk plan; one is making a list of potential risks. Everything should be documented include the small things. All the categories of the project should be listed and every risk should be evaluated. For example if it is a cost category, the factors that may raise the cost should be determined and listed. The second is

Analyze Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Analyze - Essay Example So, let us see the meaning of text interpretation evidenced from the article â€Å"Learning to Read† by Malcolm X. For the beginning it must be said that any author by his work intends to reach a particular purpose using for this different writing techniques. Just so Malcolm X takes advantage of every possible element for the effect on the issue of people’s perception of black-white relationship both by the black man who has to be literate for improvement of his oppressed state and by the white man who needs to realize his tyrant treatment of non-white men. Being led by such a view Malcolm X has chosen a good form of his idea presentation, that is, he has shown on his own example the whole significance of reading ability and serious reading itself for the benefit of non-white people (as a tool for their empowering in the fight against their humiliation), which suffer from white men’s dictatorship for more than four hundred years: this is the argument. Herein the realization of the purpose finds its reflection in a primary non-complex sentence structure easy for understanding by his followers, imagery providing readers with visualization of the sharp question (it is introduced through Malcolm’s descriptions of his own images from life of black population presented in the read books). In addition, author’s extremely expressive narration gives numerous details and emotions from his mastering of reading and writing, as well as his feelings about blacks’ position. As a result, rhetorical mode of pictorial description alongside with conscious tone of the author’s narration makes him to be represented as a willful concerned active defender of non-white peoples’ rights, who spends every minute of his time for resisting the white man. It seems to be that the author’s direct purpose is actualization of non-white treatment by white men and necessity of reading ability for access to

AARP (outline) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

AARP (outline) - Research Paper Example The organization targets members of the society that are 50 years and above, since this is the segment of the population that is retired active participation in the professional field. According to Bouchard, Blair and Haskell (2012), this age bracket is also the most vulnerable to the effects of health, and poverty. Therefore, it is essential that their welfare is taken care of, and this is where AARP intervenes. It also advocates for the welfare of its members and has significant influence among the lobbyists in the US. The organization boasts of a membership of 38 million individuals, making it one of the largest organizations based on membership numbers in the US. The status of the organization came under scrutiny with the senate discussing whether it should be classified as a business or if it should be given the status of a nonprofit. Eventually AARP was cleared though some doubts over its operations still lingered. According to Schmidt et al. (2012), AARP is a non-partisan organization in that it takes a neutral stand in matters of politics. This means that the organization does not openly endorse political candidates or takes part in fundraising activities for aiding a political candidate to be elected. They take this stand in order to avoid a clash of interest when carrying out their mandate (Schmidt et al, 2012). According to information posted on the organization’s website, the organization is aiming to ensure that the elderly realize their rights in order for them to remain an integral part of the society. This can only be achieved when the elderly can access the basic needs, and have financial independence. This will make the elderly feel secure, hence improving the quality of life of their members (AARP, 2012). The organization is famous for the mandate that it carries out among the American population. The organization has taken up the task of addressing the issue affecting the elderly

Government Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Government Failure - Essay Example Endogenous preferences refer to preferences that are dependent on other factors that actually influence preference. For instance, demand for the latest mobile phones is driven by technological advancements. In this case, technological advancement highly influences demand for latest phones. The fact that circumstances can change preferences justifies public policy. Unaccepted preferences, on the other hand, are those whose impact on other preferences is negative. Education preference, for example, varies across individuals. However, through public policy, unacceptable preferences are regulated on social interest grounds. Utilitarian social welfare function – Preferences and the resultant consequences are evaluated for each and every individual and then summed up. Individual utilities for a given good are aggregated, and therefore, every utility of an individual prior to the good is incorporated. Individual ranking in the market or society is not taken into account. A public policy that results from this choice is likely to depict aspects of loopholes in the observance of individual rights. Minimum allocation choice is not guaranteed. Rawlsian social welfare function – This function is characterized by social equality. This is achieved through presenting maximum benefit to the disadvantaged in the society. Decisions on social institutions depend on people’s individual endowments in society. Where social institutions system is to be established without prior knowledge the endowments, the resultant social welfare function aims at uplifting and benefiting the least advantaged in the society. Public policy under this choice is basically equality-tailored, although wealth creation incentives are likely to be reduced in that process.