Using Epanorthosis in Rhetoric

Utilizing Epanorthosis in Rhetoric An interesting expression wherein a speaker revises or remarks on something the individual has quite recently said. A withdrawal (or pseudo-withdrawal) is a sort of epanorthosis. Modifier: epanorthotic.Epanorthosis is otherwise called correctio or self-remedy. The historical underpinnings is from the Greek, sorting out once more. Models and Observations Perhaps there is a brute. . . . What I mean is . . . perhaps its solitary us. (Simon in Lord of the Flies by William Golding, 1954)​With a hurl of his chest, Croker rose and came walkingor, rather, limpingtoward him. (Tom Wolfe, A Man in Full, 1998)​[A] great heart, Kate, is the sun and the moon; or, rather, the sun, and not the moon; for it sparkles splendid and never shows signs of change, yet keeps his course really. (Ruler Henry V in Act V, scene two of Henry V by William Shakespeare, 1600)​I dont like most of what I do. I shouldnt state I dont like it, however Im not happy with nearly everything that I do. (Paul Simon)​You dont believe were being . . . I dont need to state shabby, on the grounds that that is not the correct word, however somewhat reckless, perhaps? (Owen Wilson as John Beckwith, The Wedding Crashers, 2005)​Epanorthosis, or Correction, is a figure by which we withdraw or review what we have spoken, for subbing something more gro unded or progressively appropriate in its place... The utilization of this figure lies in the startling interference it provides for the current of our talk, by turning the stream in a manner of speaking back upon itself, and afterward returning it upon the inspector with intensified power and accuracy. The idea of this figure directs its articulation; it is to some degree much the same as the enclosure. What we right ought to be so articulated as to appear the quick radiation existing apart from everything else; for which reason it doesn't just require a partition from the remainder of the sentence, by a modification of the voice into an ease off volume, however a sudden discontinuance of the part promptly going before. (John Walker, A Rhetorical Grammar, 1822)​ He has recently been grinding away telling once more, as they call it, a most needless bit of insidiousness, and has caused a coolness in between me and (not a companion precisely, yet) a close colleague. (Charles Lamb, letter to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Jan. 10, 1820)​Thence have I followed it(Or it hath drawn me, rather) yet tis gone. (Ferdinand in The Tempest by William Shakespeare)​In epanorthosis, or fixing, one reconsiders what one has said and qualifies it or even takes it back, as in Augustines exemplary Give me virtuousness and continencebut not yet (Confessions 8.7). Epanorthosis is especially uncovering of the character of the speaker, for this situation, of a conniving soul separated against itself and offered more to self-misdirection than to double dealing of others. (P. Christopher Smith, The Hermeneutics of Original Argument: Demonstration, Dialectic, Rhetoric. Northwestern Univ. Press, 1998)​They reserve a privilege to more solace than they at pr esent appreciate; and more solace may be managed them, without infringing on the delights of the rich: not currently holding on to enquire whether the rich reserve any option to restrictive joys. What do I say?encroaching! No; if an intercourse were built up between them, it would confer the main genuine delight that can be grabbed in this place that is known for shadows, this hard school of good order. (Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights of Men, 1790)​ I ought to presumably have said at the beginning Im noted for having something of a comical inclination, despite the fact that I have remained quiet about myself particularly in the course of the most recent two years in any case, figuratively speaking, and its just as relatively as of late that I started to realizewell, er, maybe acknowledge isn't the right word, er, envision, envision that I was not by any means the only thing in her life. (Michael Palin in scene two of Monty Pythons Flying Circus, 1969)

10 Jobs That Will Hire You Today, Even With No Experience

10 Jobs That Will Hire You Today, Even With No Experience Recently out of school? Searching for your first occupation? Searching for a new position following quite a while of not being in the activity power? Need to get a new position in another field brisk? You may wind up slamming your head against the Catch 22 of requiring involvement with request to find a new line of work and afterward get said understanding. You may imagine that there are no average paying employments worth taking that don’t require at least understanding. Be that as it may, you’d not be right. Here are various superbly steady employments that don’t expect you to have work involvement with that field. Remain in them cheerfully, or use them as a venturing stone to other vocation moves.1. Regulatory AssistantWhat is esteemed most by individuals hoping to employ an administrator associate or an official secretary isn't understanding, yet expertise. Would you be able to carry out the responsibility. It is safe to say that you are supernaturally sorted out? Excessively solid, dependable, careful, ready to perform multiple tasks as well as anyone? Ready to get cleaning and handle private lawful and monetary data? Acquainted with word-preparing, database, and spreadsheet programming? Would you be able to type? You’re recruited. Normal compensation: almost $38k per year.2. Conveyance DriverHave a clean driver’s permit? Get work for a national, nearby, worldwide, or provincial organization driving conveyance vehicles. You’ll even have the advantage of a lot of booking adaptability and an opportunity to get your foot in the entryway at an organization. Normal pay: somewhere in the range of $16-46k per year.3. Bill CollectorDidn’t even know this was an occupation? All you need is a secondary school certificate, great telephone way, and great client care aptitudes to have the option to help pursue initial installments from careless payers. This profession is relied upon to become 19% in the following ten year s and the normal compensation ranges from $21-48k per year.4. Security OfficerAlways needed to be a cop yet don’t need to waste time with all the preparation? Take a stab at being a security official for a place of business, an anteroom, an exhibition hall, or a shopping center. You’ll must be on your feet more often than not, yet you’ll land on-the-position preparing, adaptable hours, and the normal pay is over $35k per year.5. BartenderIf you can deal with the work, and make the beverages, and shield from overserving rowdy customer base, at that point you can bring in incredible cash behind a bar. On the off chance that experience is fundamental for one of these employments, it is as a rule as basic as going to a course or bartending school. What's more, you can make as much as $50k per year.6. School Bus DriverYou’ll must be understanding and an incredibly, safe driver, yet you can make somewhere in the range of $16-$40k driving youngsters to and from school-with no related knowledge. You may even score some not too bad benefits.7. Land BrokerYou need to take a 60-hour course and breeze through an assessment, however once you do, you’re qualified to be a merchant. What makes a difference in this activity is more who you know and how wide your system, instead of how long you’ve been selling houses. On the off chance that you’re great at deals and amiable, this may be for you. It begins little, yet the pay can be fiercely luring. Normal compensation ranges from: $30-227k.8. HR AssistantHelp screen work candidates for organizations (and pick up something all the while). You’ll get tolerable advantages and a serious compensation (around $38k every year). Also, the more aptitudes you have with PCs and correspondence, the happier you’ll be.9. ClerkConsider working at the neighborhood town hall, DMV, or city office. Regional authorities utilize a huge amount of individuals; you should be one of them! E xperience prerequisites are low, however benefits are high. What's more, the normal compensation is around $38k.10. Link InstallerEver wonder about the person or lady who comes to introduce your link or web? Odds are you could have their activity with practically zero understanding. You’ll land on-the position preparing, obviously. Furthermore, relationship building abilities are an or more. Contact your nearby supplier to see about employment opportunities. Normal yearly pay: between $21-52k.

The Link Between Tic Disorders and ADHD

The Link Between Tic Disorders and ADHD ADHD Symptoms Print The Link Between Tic Disorders and ADHD By Keath Low Keath Low, MA, is a therapist and clinical scientist with the Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities at the University of North Carolina. She specializes in treatment of ADD/ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Keath Low Updated on February 18, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Carol Yepes / Getty Images Tics are characterized by repeated, sudden, jerky, involuntary movements of one’s face, shoulders, hands, legs or other body parts. Movements may include eye blinking, shoulder shrugging, neck twisting, facial grimacing, sticking out tongue, flaring nostrils, clenching fists, jerking arms, kicking, and curling toes. Tics can also be vocal. These vocal tics may include throat-clearing, sniffing or snorting, grunting, dry coughs, clicking, hissing, barking, or even words or phrases. These movements and/or vocalizations may occur frequently throughout the day or they may occur only occasionally. They tend to increase under excitement, physical or social stress, anxiety  if the individual is very tired, or very idle. Some medications are also believed to exacerbate tics.?? Tics occur less often when a person is relaxed and calm. Tics do not occur during sleep. Treatment Treatment for an individual with a tic disorder may include medication to help control the symptoms. The older typical neuroleptics such as pimozide and Haldol are often used to reduce tics, in addition to the newer atypical neuroleptics/antipsychotics such as risperidone. Clonidine and guanfacine, types of anti-hypertensive agents, may also be used because of their reduced side effects.?? How Common Are Tic Disorders? The most common tic disorder is called provisional tic disorder (PTD), which was previously known as transient tic disorder, which is common in children.?? Tics which last one year or more are called persistent tics, which are also known as chronic motor of vocal tic disorders (CMVTD). Tics occur in about 20% of school-age children. Approximately 1 in 5 children age 6-17 years old may develop a tic, but may sometimes start as early as 2 years of age.?? Tic disorders do appear to have a genetic link, as they tend to run in families, and have also been linked to environmental factors. Chronic tic disorders affect about one percent of children and may indicate a more serious disorder called Tourette Syndrome (TS).?? Tourette Syndrome Tourette syndrome is a genetic, neurological disorder whose primary manifestations are the presence of motor and vocal tics. Tourettes is commonly associated with ADHD, obsessive-compulsive disorder, behavior problems, and learning disabilities. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke report that approximately 200,000 Americans have the most severe form of Tourettes, while as many as one in 100 display the milder symptoms such as a chronic motor or vocal tics or provisional tics of childhood.?? Though Tourettes is a lifelong condition, symptoms tend to peak during the early teenage years with improvement in later adolescence and adulthood. Tourettes affects males approximately three to four times more often than females.?? ADHD A 2016 study found that 35â€"90% of children with tics also had ADHD.?? Research has found that chronic tic disorders, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive-compulsive disorder may have similar neurological origins, and an individual with any of these conditions is also quite likely to have ADHD. In children who develop tic disorders and ADHD, the ADHD usually develops 2 to 3 years before the tics.?? There has been some controversy over whether stimulants, the most common form of medication therapy for ADHD, worsen or even causes tics. Studies indicate that most children with co-occurring tics and ADHD do not experience an increase in tic severity while on low to moderate doses of stimulants.?? However, there does appear to be a small proportion of children for whom this is a problem. It is not clear if the stimulants actually cause the tic or if the stimulants trigger tics that were already pre-existing, but not yet obvious.?? It is also possible that tic disorders may look similar to ADHD in their early stages. So the tic would have developed whether or not the child had been treated with stimulants. If your ADHD child develops tics, report it to your child’s doctor. Together you will weigh the risks and potential benefits of medication, as well as explore alternative medicines to stimulants.

Functions of Religion in Society Essay - 1381 Words

In its simplest form any religion may be seen as a belief system. This system may affect values, laws, customs, rites and general behaviour patterns. Religion may affect the individual, group, community or nation. It may play a peripheral or an integral role within society. Its structure may be as complex as any large organisational bureaucracy or as simple as a two-way relationship between a person and object/subject of worship. The function of religion in a society is often to explain to the people in that society their primal origins, the nature of life, the function and aims of life and reasons for living. To put it simply, to answer the question why am I here? In the past religion has been used as a control mechanism, a way of†¦show more content†¦The beliefs and values a society holds are often incorporated into the religion. Collectively they may constitute the morality of a society. The laws and rules governing a society can reflect this morality. Control and systems of punishment can be woven into the fabric of religion and in some societies are a dominant feature. Punishment may be immediate and harsh acquiring legitimacy through the years or it may be postponed until after death when the severity is magnified by mysticism and imagination. The alternative to punishment may be to control through forgiveness and penance, mercy is a fine quality and most societies recognise its value and influence. Religion may be seen as one social process among many social processes. It is the product of human minds, a complex social entity that has been passed down through generations. As a product of society it is inextricably bound up with other social products such as politics, economics, law, music and art. It has however an energy of its own, once born it can develop and change of its own accord; it can generate its own rules. In general it is meaningful only to those who belong to the culture from which the religion emerged. Religion can be transferred from one culture to another, but usually with difficulty and with questionable success. Religions can be as varied as the many different cultures from which they emerge. The major world religions may be listed as follows :- •Show MoreRelated Functionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society716 Words   |  3 PagesFunctionalist View on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society Assess the view that sociological arguments and evidence support the Functionalist view of the role and functions of religion in contemporary society. Functionalists believe that religion is a conservative force, and an institution which adds to the requirements of society. They say it ultimately operates as an agency of socialisation. Durkheim (1912) said that all societies are separated into the profane Read MoreEvaluate Feminist Views on the Role and Functions of Religion in Society Today.724 Words   |  3 Pagesviews on the role and functions of religion in society today. Feminists see religion as an instrument of patriarchy which means that society is based around male domination; they believe that this is a set of beliefs and practices responsible for women’s subordination. However functionalists believe otherwise and argue that its function is not to oppress women but to keep society stable whilst Marxists believe that religion oppresses the working class not females. Most religions argue that thereRead MoreEvaluate Postmodernist Explanations of the Role and Functions of Religion in Contemporary Society.1606 Words   |  7 Pagesof the role and functions of religion in contemporary society. Postmodernist religion can be defined as any type of religion that is influenced, interpreted or shaped by postmodernism and postmodern philosophies. Postmodern religion is not an attempt to banish religion from society; rather, it is a philosophical approach to religion that considers orthodox assumptions that may reflect power differences in society rather than universal truths. A postmodern interpretation of religion emphasises theRead MoreMarx And Durkheim On Religion839 Words   |  4 PagesMarx and Durkheim on Religion SOC201 998036931 Kirsten Kelleher Both Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim formulate similar sociological theories regarding the epistemology and origin of religion and religious beliefs. Both thinkers acknowledge a necessary connection between community and religion. As antagonistic, functionalist thinkers, both Marx and Durkheim maintain that â€Å"God† or the â€Å"divine†, is merely a projection of human beings highest ideals and greatest characteristics creating a â€Å"God† like illusionRead MoreThe Main Function of Religion According to Sociological Arguments685 Words   |  3 PagesThe Main Function of Religion According to Sociological Arguments Many sociologists believe that the main function of religion is to provide people with a code of conduct, which regulates personal and social life. There are two main theories to what role religion plays within society. One of these theories is the Marxist theory. Marxism sees society as superstructure. They believe that society isn’t peaceful and is based on conflict and exploitation. Religion makes thisRead MoreFunctionalist approach to religion1623 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Discuss the functionalist perspective on religion. (20 marks) The functionalist perspective is a consensus theory; it believes that society has a set of shared values and beliefs. Durkheim was the 1st functionalist to develop the idea that religious institutions play a central part in creating and maintaining value consensus, order and solidarity. The anthropologist, Malinowski, built on Durkheims idea and expanded with his own ideas. The functionalists, Parsons and Bellah later added theirRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religion a sociological study could determine the power religion holds over people and societies. Understanding the culturalRead MoreAssess the usefulness of functionalist theories in understanding religion today920 Words   |  4 Pagesusefulness of functionalist theories in understanding religion today (33 marks) Functionalists have put forward their perspective on religion and how it benefits both society and the individual starting with how religion brings people together harmoniously, creating social cohesion and a sense of belonging as people believe in the same thing and all abide by the same rules. Religion creates and maintains a value consensus whilst giving society social order. By conforming to religious beliefs thisRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Structural Functionalism1490 Words   |  6 Pagespaper –religion (as a primarily social rather than theological or psychological phenomenon) and the effects on societies. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions sociologists could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual agency, and how that connects to a specific societal location or setting. Specifically, in th e case of religion a sociologistRead MoreEmile Durkheim Was A French Sociologist And Philosopher.1003 Words   |  5 PagesOne of his most prominent interests as a scholar was religion. In particular, the manner in which religion has developed throughout the history of the human race. While Durkheim wrote a good deal on religion, perhaps his most important work on religion was written in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. In this work, Durkheim examines Australian Totem religious as fundamental forms of the human religious experience. His ideas regarding religion are largely based off of his studies of Australian

Virgil Quotations With English Translations

Publius Vergilius Maro (October 15, 70 BCE - September 21, 19 BCE) was the leading poet of the Augustan era. His Aeneid glorified Rome and especially the ancestry of the first Roman emperor, Augustus (Octavian). The influence of Virgil (Vergil) on subsequent writers has been immense. He is responsible for sayings or the sentiments behind sayings that we still use, like Beware of Greeks bearing gifts, from Book II of the Aeneid. All Virgil quotations listed here include a reference to their original location, the Latin that Virgil wrote, and either an old, almost archaic translation from the public domain (mainly for the longer passages) or my own translation. [Lat., Experto credite.]Believe in the one who knows from experience. (Trust the expert.)- The Aeneid (XI.283)[Lat., Non ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco]Not being ignorant of bad things, I learn to help the wretched.- The Aeneid (I.630)[Lat., Superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est.]Every fortune is to be conquered by bearing (it).- The Aeneid (V. 710)[Lat., Quisque suos patimur manes.]We each allow our own ghosts. (We make our own destiny.)- The Aeneid (VI.743)[Lat., Disce, puer, virtutem ex me, verumque laborem; Fortunam ex aliis.]Boy, learn virtue from me, and true work; luck from others.- The Aeneid (XII, 435)[Lat., Saevit amor ferri et scelerata insania belli.]Love of iron (weapon) rages; also the criminal madness of war.- The Aeneid (VII.461)[Lat., Nescia mens hominum fati sortisque futurae,Et servare modum, rebus sublata secundis.]O heart of man,/ not knowing doom, nor of events to be!/ Nor, being lifted up, to keep thy bounds/ in prosperous days!- The Aeneid (X.501)[Lat., S tat sua cuique dies; breve et irreparabile tempusOmnibus est vitae; set famam extendere factisHoc virtutis opus.]To each his day is given. Beyond recall/ mans little time runs by: but to prolong/ lifes glory by great deeds is virtues power.- The Aeneid (X.467)[Lat., Aegrescitque medendo.]He grows increasingly ill with the remedy. (The medicine is making him sick.)- The Aeneid (XII.46)[Lat., O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori;]Oh! Beautiful boy, dont put too much faith on (your) complexion. (Perhaps, beauty fades.)- Eclogae (II.17) *The real version, Nunc scio, quid sit Amor, comes from Virgils Eclogues VIII.43. Not all misquotes are so easy to untangle.

The Life of Andrew Carnegie Free Essays

A man of Scotland, a distinguished citizen of the United States, and a philanthropist devoted to the betterment of the world around him, Andrew Carnegie became famous at the turn of the twentieth century and became a real life rags to riches story. Born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on November 25, 1835, Andrew Carnegie entered the world in poverty. The son of a hand weaver, Carnegie received his only formal education during the short time between his birth and his move to the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life of Andrew Carnegie or any similar topic only for you Order Now When steam machinery for weaving came into use, Carnegie†s father sold his looms and household goods, sailing to America with his wife and two sons. At this time, Andrew was twelve, and his brother, Thomas, was five. Arriving into New York on August 14, 1848, aboard the Wiscasset from Glasgow, the Carnegies wasted little time settling in Allegheny City, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, where relatives already existed and were there to provide help. Allegheny City provided Carnegie†s first job, as a bobbin boy in a cotton factory, working for $1. 20 a week. His father also worked there while his mother bound shoes at home, making a miniscule amount of money. Although the Carnegies lacked in money, they abounded in ideals and training for their children. At age 15, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in Pittsburgh. He learned to send and decipher telegraphic messages and became a telegraph operator at the age of 17. Carnegie†s next job was as a railroad clerk, working for the Pennsylvania Railroad. He worked his way up the ladder, through his dedication and honest desire to succeed, to become train dispatcher and then division manager. At this time, young Carnegie, age 24, had already made some small investments that laid the foundations of his what would be tremendous fortune. One of these investments was the purchase of stock in the Woodruff Sleeping Car Company. In 1864, Carnegie entered the iron business, but did not begin to make steel until years later. In 1873, he built the Edgar Thomson works in Braddock, Pennsylvania, to make Bessemer steel. He established many other steel plants, and in 1892, he merged all of his interests into the Carnegie Steel Company. This act from Carnegie is fitting with one of his most famous quotations, â€Å"Put all of your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket. † This firm became one of the greatest industrial enterprises in America. Carnegie later sold it to J. P. Morgan†s United States Steel Corporation in 1901 for $400 million, which would be a little over $4 billion today! After retiring, Carnegie†s fortune was estimated to be as large as half a billion dollars. From that time on, with the philosophy that the rich have a moral obligation to give away their money, he devoted himself to philanthropy. Although ironic, this man of great fortune strongly believed in the merits of poverty for the development of character and work ethic, and determined that wealthy men should not leave their fortunes to their children, but should give it away, claiming â€Å"The man who dies thus rich, dies disgraced. † The picture of community service, Carnegie is quoted as saying, â€Å"Pittsburgh entered the core of my heart when I was a boy, and cannot be torn out. I can never be one hair†s breadth less loyal to her, or less anxious to help her in any way, than I have been since I could help anything. My treasure is still with you, and how best to serve Pittsburgh is the question which occurs to me almost every day of my life. † Colonel James Anderson, who Carnegie believes to be his childhood benefactor, established a public library in his hometown of Allegheny City. This library was the first opportunity for Carnegie to take advantage of free information, and he developed a vast interest for knowledge, checking out at least one book a week, and developing himself as a young boy. With Colonel Anderson†s generous contribution to his society molding Carnegie†s childhood, and his beliefs on how large fortunes can be used for the betterment of society, it becomes obvious that Carnegie would focus particularly on promoting education, establishing 2,811 free libraries in all. Of these, 1,946 were located in the United States with at least one in every state except Rhode Island. Also, 660 were founded in Britain and Ireland, 156 in Canada, and a handful of libraries were also scattered in New Zealand, the West Indies, and even Fiji. Caregie†s contributions gave existence to his dream of establishing chances of self-education in a time when public libraries were scarce. Not only did he give large amounts of money to libraries, but also to other philanthropic organizations, establishing some of his own. The Carnegie Corporation of New York was established for â€Å"the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding. † The $135 million donated by Carnegie was used in grants to colleges, universities, and other educational institutions. Money also went to organizations that conduct basic research and experimental programs dealing with education and public affairs. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was founded to promote international peace and understanding, conducting programs of research, discussion, publication, and education in the international affairs and United States foreign policy. Currently the program focuses on issues such as arms control, international law, and relations between the United States and foreign countries. It publishes the quarterly journal, Foreign Policy, and has offices in New York City and Washington, D. C. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching promotes the dignity in the teaching profession and the cause of higher education. Chartered by Carnegie in 1905 with $15 million, the foundation established the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association in 1918, and currently provides retirement pensions for teachers of colleges, technical schools, and universities in the United States and Canada. Their studies have had much influence on American higher education. Also benefiting from Carnegie†s charity include various Carnegie museums of history, science, and art, Carnegie Hall in New York, and other public spirited organizations. Before 1919, when Carnegie died, he had given away $350,695,653, and at his death, the last $30 million was likewise given away to foundations, charities, and pensioners. He left a mark on society not only through his enormous monetary provisions, but also with his own literature. Carnegie loved to promote his ideas and opinions in print, and has written many works outlining these philosophies, including Triumphant Democracy (1886), The Gospel of Wealth (1900), The Empire of Business (1902), Problems of Today (1908), and an Autobiography (1920) (Mitzen 182). Although Carnegie only stood somewhere between 5†³2†³ and 5†³6†³, he â€Å"had to be a great, tough, disciplined giant of a man. † His commitment to others is not only seen through his many munificent works, but in the way he lived, including his tombstone in the Sleepy Hollow Cemetery of North Tarrytown, New York, where the epitaph reads, â€Å"Here lies a man who was able to surround himself with men far cleverer than himself. â€Å" How to cite The Life of Andrew Carnegie, Papers

Nursing Case Study Comprehensive Nursing Care for Parkinsons Disease

Question: Discuss about theNursing Case Studyfor Comprehensive Nursing Care for Parkinson's Disease. Answer: Introduction Parkinson's disease is the disease of clinical diagnosis in which diagnosis mainly performed based on the observations by clinician. However, there is no definitive diagnostic test available for Parkinson's disease. Initial symptoms of Mrs. Downs include depression, stopped posture, fatigue, problem in walking, tremors and difficulty in arm swing. However, exhibition and progression of these symptoms varies from patient to patient. In such scenario, it would be difficult to make conclusive diagnosis. These symptoms appearing in the intimal stage of the disease and these are subtle, also these symptoms can be attributed to other conditions. In the age of Mrs. Downs these symptoms can be considered as age related conditions. Patients with Parkinson's disease are often expressionless and these patients are mistaken for depression. Long term consumption of Sinemet leads to dyskinesia, which is difficulty in movement. It reflects in Mrs. Downs through slow movement. Phenothiazine exaggera tes symptoms of Parkinson's disease, also it interferes with the action of dopamine. In case of Mrs. Downs, she is taking Sinemet which is a combination of levodopa and carbidopa. Sinemet acts through dopaminergic pathway. In past studies, it is evident that phenothiazine interferes with dopaminergic pathway. Hence, in case of Mrs. Downs phenothiazine interferes with action of Sinemet and there was less cure for the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in Mrs. Downs (Mocko et al., 2010; Pahwa Lyons, 2013)). In patients with Parkinson's disease there is the occurrence of the depression, lack of interest in doing things, anhedonia and anxiety. These patients exhibits lack of enjoyment in the activities which are enjoyable like watching movies, playing, music and sexual activities. Parkinson's disease patients are always worried about something which is irrelevant most of the time. Due to Parkinson's disease, family members of the patient also get affected. Family members feel burdened and stressed due the patient. Family members of the patient should assist in the daily activities of the patient. Patients with Parkinson's disease feel isolated form The society. This social isolation may also further exaggerate depressive behavior in the patient. Social isolation also leads to less movement in the patients. This less movement in patients with Parkinson's disease exaggerates other symptoms. Patients with Parkinson's disease are associated with cognitive problem and communication problem. Th ese things also lead to the isolation from the society (Rosenbaum, 2006). Proper diagnosis of the Parkinsons disease is very important. Because symptoms of the Parkinsons disease interfere with common symptoms of other diseases. Nurse should observe very closely patient, evaluate patients physical and psychological behavior and conclude on the diagnosis. By observing depression nurse should not make diagnosis as solely depression. Nurse should correlate different symptoms observed in the patient and make proper conclusion. Nurse should also consult experts from other fields like psychology experts and physiotherapist for making conclusive diagnosis. Nurse should refer to the previous case studies with the similar type of symptoms for making accurate diagnosis. Nurse should plan for the proper treatment for Parkinsons disease patient. Parkinsons disease treatment is mainly medication dependent. Nurse should select dose of the drug very carefully and dose should be in narrow range. Nurse should administer patient with dopaminergic drugs because these are the most effective drugs available for the treatment of Parkinsons treatment. If these drugs administered in less quantity, it would not produce desired effect. On the other hand, if these drugs administered in more quantity, it would produce physical and psychological disturbances like mental disturbance, disturbance in the sleep pattern and stiffness and rigidity. Nurse should also take into account administration of other drugs concomitantly along with dopaminergic drugs because vitamin B complex and phenothiazine affects action of dopaminergic drugs (Bunting-Perry Vernon, 2007). Palliative care should be provided to Mrs. Downs because she is suffering through Parkinsons disease. This disease is multifactorial disease and in this disease there is the physical and psychological disturbance in the patient. These conditions lead to the emotional, social and behavioral impact on the patient and family members of the patient. Palliative care is the multidisciplinary approach of managing chronic illness in elderly patients. Palliative care provides relief from symptoms, painful condition, physical and mental stress irrespective of the diagnosis. In case of Parkinsons disease also diagnosis is difficult and hence implementation of therapeutic strategy is difficult. In such scenario palliative care would be the optimum therapeutic approach for Mrs. Downs. Moreover, curative management of the Parkinsons disease is not available, hence management of Parkinsons disease remains pallitative. Due to Parkinsons disease, Mrs. Downs became disabled and dependent. Physical dis abilities in Mrs. Downs lead to the exaggeration of cognitive impairment and depression (Bunting-Perry Vernon, 2007). Stem cells are regenerating type of tissues, which can be converted into different type of tissues in the body. These newly formed tissues have the potential to maintain and repair tissues responsible for the disease conditions. This would prominently affect the development of the Parkinsons disease. Parkinsons disease is the neurodegenerative disease in which there is deficiency of dopamine. Currently available medications for the treatment of Parkinsons disease are dopamine agonist. These medications are helpful in the improvement in the early symptoms. However, long term use of the medications lead to the loss of dopaminergic neurons and after certain period of treatment these drugs become ineffective in Parkinsons disease patients. Treatment with stem cells proved useful in the improvement in Parkinsons disease symptoms and increase in dopamine level in the brain. Intracranial administration of stem cells in patients with Parkinsons disease provide neurotropic support and replace s dying dopaminergic neurons of the Parkinsons disease patient. Moreover, this stem cell therapy doesnt cause adverse effects like dyskinesia. Stem cell can release different chemical mediators like cytokines which can be useful in the differentiation of stem cells into the dopamine releasing neurons. Treatment with stem cells is proved to be beneficial in patients with Parkinsons disease. Parkinsons disease can be treated with stem cell transplantation. These stem cells are already in the phase 3 clinical trials. It reflects these stem cells exhibited effectiveness in both preclinical and clinical Parkinsons disease. Also, these stem cells exhibited safety profile in different toxicology models (Ambasudhan et al., 2016). Patients taking levodopa should not consume vitamin B complex concomitantly because vitamin B complex contains vitamin B6. Vitamin B6 potentiates transformation of levodopa to dopamine. Levodopa is the precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine. This potentiating effect of vitamin B6 on levodopa may lessen effect of levodopa in patients with Parkinsons disease. Also, vitamin B6 stops the absorption of levodopa and it reduces its effect in Parkinsons disease. Mrs. Downs can take vitamin B complex along with levodopa however, its dose should be optimized. Vitamin B6 dose should not interfere with effectiveness of levodopa in Mrs. Downs. It has been well established that different doses vitamin B complex along with Sinemet exhibited different effects in Parkinsons disease (Prasad, 2016). References: Ambasudhan, R., Dolatabadi, N., Nutter, A., Masliah, E., Mckercher, S.R., Lipton SA. (2014). Potential for cell therapy in Parkinson's disease using genetically programmed human embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 522(12), 2845-56. Bunting-Perry, L. K., Vernon, G. M. (2007). Comprehensive Nursing Care for Parkinson's Disease. Springer Publishing Company Mocko, J.B., Kern, A., Moosmann, B., Behl, C., Hajieva, P. (2010). Phenothiazines interfere with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans models of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology of Disease, 40(1), 120-9. Pahwa, R., Lyons, K. E. (2013). Handbook of Parkinson's Disease. CRC Press. Prasad, K. N., (2016). Fight Parkinson's and Huntington's with Vitamins and Antioxidants. Inner Traditions Bear Co. Rosenbaum, R. B. (2006). Understanding Parkinson's Disease: A Personal and Professional View. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Child obesity in the US and Saudi Arabia

Table of Contents Causes of obesity among children How child obesity affect children’s social life Prevention of obesity in children Reference List Previous studies on child obesity have revealed serious prevalence of overweight as well as obesity among children in both countries. National Health and Nutrition Examination 2007-2008 data indicates that 16.9% of children in the US aged 2-19 years suffer from obesity. The data also shows that there was an increase of 6.5%-19.6% among children aged 6-11 years and an increase of 5.0%-18.1% of children aged 12-19 years during the same period (Carroll, Curtin, Flegal, Lamb, Ogden 2010, 243).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Child obesity in the US and Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The data revealed significant sex and racial disparities of obesity in children with a greater percentage of non-Hispanic blacks more likely to suffer from obesity. On the other hand, a research done by International Obesity Task Force in the period of 1990-2007 showed that children in Saudi Arabia have had an average obesity prevalence of 6.7% among boys and 6.0% among girls aged 1-18 years (Aziz, Jalali-Farahani, Mirmiran, Sherafat-Kazemzadeh 2010, 247). Survey results of the National Center for Health Statistics done in 2000, showed that child obesity in Saudi Arabia averages at about 15.8% for the same age. It is estimated that about 14% of children in Saudi Arabia who are below age 6 are obese (Madani 2000, 1). The child obesity data among all the age groups in the US show that there has been a year-on-year increases in the rates of prevalence (Barnes 2011). The data presented shows a higher prevalence in the US than in Saudi Arabia. There were particular high increases in 1999-2000 and 2003-2004 in the US showing significant and sudden changes in lifestyle. Both countries experience higher levels of prevalence on boys than girls . The trends in both countries are highly associated with socioeconomic status. However, as opposed to the US where children of lower socio-economic and urban classes seem to be more likely to be affected, children of high socioeconomic status in Saudi Arabia are the most vulnerable to child obesity. Data that was collected from medical and healthcare institutions also showed that child obesity prevalence is higher among US children than the Saudi Arabian children. It revealed that about 15-17% of children aged 6-11 years and 12-19 years in the US suffered from obesity while about 10.7% of children aged 5-18 years in Saudi Arabia suffered from the same. The survey data revealed that about 18% of children in the US are obese with higher prevalence among boys. On the other hand, the same survey data revealed that Saudi Arabian children had a prevalence rate of about 11.8%. The boys were more likely to be affected by obesity as compared to girls. This implies that there is a high child obesity prevalence rate especially among the children in the US. Besides, the data showed that obesity rate does not decrease with increase in age.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Causes of obesity among children Statistics show that obesity in children in the US is more prevalent among low-income children especially those aged 2-4 years with about 5%-20% of this group being affected. Previous studies also indicate that most of child obesity is the result of caloric imbalance as children tend to eat foods containing more than 1000 calories. Besides, these children live in environments which do not encourage physical activity. This means that calories are not burnt off. Childhood inactivity is highly associated with obesity. Preschool study carried out in 2009 showed that 89% of preschoolers in the US lead a sedentary lifestyle ((Dietz Stern 1999, 23). Childhood obesi ty results from an interaction between genetic and other factors. 80% of children born from both obese parents are also more likely to be obese as compared to 10% of children born from non-obese parents (Kopelman 2005, 82). Psychological problems such as low self-esteem can influence eating habits of those affected. Early introduction of solid food to infants is the major cause of obesity among children below the age of five years. According to Ferry (2011) children are also introduced to high-fat snacks as well as sugary junk food which results to high calories consumption. In addition, most children especially those in urban towns are not trained to develop healthy exercise habits. They spend much time watching television or playing video games. According to (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), just a third of school going children in the US get daily physical education. Low socioeconomic status could lead to poor nutrition as most families tend to eat high calorie foods to cater for their high activity level. Genetic factors could also cause obesity although the chances are very minimal unless the child eats more food. The survey carried out showed that poor nutrition causes about 34% of the child obesity. 38% of children reported less consumption of vegetables and fruits. Low socioeconomic status highly contributed to poor nutrition among obese children. It also showed that children who watch television or play video games for more than four hours a day are 22% more likely to suffer from obesity. When asked about how often they did exercise, most children responded negatively. However, about 36% said they suffered from obesity because their parents were also obese. How child obesity affect children’s social life Previous studies have discovered that obesity is highly associated with low self-esteem. Decreased self-esteem causes sadness in about 19% of children suffering from obesity. Low self-esteem also causes 21% of them to feel ner vous (Strauss 2000, 15). Low self-esteem makes children less confident and therefore they are not able to interact with their peers. They are therefore condemned to loneliness. Feelings of depression could make a child to overeat (Goodman Whitaker 2002, 498).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Child obesity in the US and Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Childhood obesity causes several social problems to the affected children. Obesity could lead to psychosocial problems such as low self-esteem as well as reduced social networking (Gardner 2009). Such children may also suffer from depression due to discrimination and harassment from their peers and family members (Ferry 2011). This could possible cause loneliness in children who are obese. They are therefore likely to develop poor social skills. About 8.2% of obese adolescents said they were feeling depressed. 31% said that they were teased by their peers while 19% said that they were accepted by their peers. Majority of the children said that they suffered from loneliness. It is assumed that they are not able to do most physical activities. This has led to low self-esteem among obese children. Between 24% and 38% said that they suffered from low self-esteem. Prevention of obesity in children Exclusive breast-feeding of newborn infants is highly recommended for nutritional benefits (Dietz Stern 1999, 12). It is likely to help protect the child against obesity that could occur in later life. Major priority should be given to teaching children and parents about nutrition and healthy diet. Children should also be provided with healthy food choices. They should be provided with snacks that contain low sodium, fat as well as sugar content (Shield Mullen 2002, 123). Children should also be taught on the need to maintain a health activity level. Sedentary lifestyle should be discouraged and television viewing time should be l imited. Physical education in schools should also be enhanced. Reference List Aziz, F., Jalali-Farahani, S., Mirmiran, p., Sherafat-Kazemzadeh, R., 2010, Childhood obesity in the Middle East: A review. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 16(9). Nasr City, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean: World Health Organization. Barnes, J., 2011, Childhood obesity: Statistics and trends. Web. Carroll, M., D., Curtin, L., R., Flegal, K., M., Lamb, M., M., Ogden, C., L., 2010, Prevalence of high body mass index in U.S: children and adolescents, 2007- 2008. JAMA 303(3):242-9. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011, Overweight and obesity. Web. Dietz, W., H., Stern, L., 1999,   The official complete home reference guide to your child’s nutrition.   Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.  pp.12, 23. Ferry, R., J., 2011, Obesity in children. Web. Gardner, T., 2009, The 5 problems caused by childhood obesity. Web. Goodman, E., Whitaker, R., C., 2002,. A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics 110 (3): 497–504. San Diego: US American Psychological Association. Kopelman, P., G., 2005, Clinical obesity in adults and children: In Adults and Children. Blackwell Publishing. P. 82. Madani, K., A., 2000, Obesity in Saudi Arabia. Bahrain Medical Buletin, 22(3): 1-9. Bahrain: Bahrain Medical Association. Shield, J., Mullen, M. C. (2002).   The American Dietetic Association guide to healthy eating for kids: How your children can eat smart from fi ve to twelve.   New York: Wiley. p. 123. Strauss, R., S., 2000, Childhood obesity and self-esteem. Pediatrics 105 (1). San Diego: US American Psychological Association. P. 15. This research paper on Child obesity in the US and Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Benjamin Booker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Frdric Bazille essays

Frdric Bazille essays Frdric Bazille was born in 1841 to a rich middle-class Protestant family of wine producers near Montpellier, France. In 1859 he began to study medicine in Montpellier and in 1862 continued his medical studies in Paris. While in Paris, he began to study painting part-time at Charles Gleyres studio where he met Monet, Renoir, and Sisley. After failing his medical exams in the spring of 1864, he enrolled as a full-time student of Gleyre. Gleyre emphasized the importance or originality, and Bazille once said, Thanks to Gleyres teaching, I shall at least be able to boast that I have not copied anybody. While in Paris, Bazille became close friends with Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Manet, and Sisley, sharing studios with Monet in 1865 and Renoir in 1866. Bazille was an ardent supporter of his friends works. In fact, when Monet was in dire financial straits, Bazille bought one of his paintings and tried to help sell others. He also took the main financial responsibility of paying the rent in his studios due to his financial background. Manet and Courbet influenced Bazilles impressionistic style paintings. He painted numerous portraits of friends and members of his family along with landscapes. His quiet clear landscapes and harmonious family scenes in muted colors made him one of the most significant representatives of Early Impressionism. Some of his best works include Family Reunion, The Terrace at Mric (Oleander), and Bazilles Studio. In August of 1870, following Frances declaration of war against Prussia, Bazille enlisted. On November 28th, Bazille was killed in a minor skirmish at Beaune-la-Rolande in Burgandy, cutting short a promising career. He was 29 years old. ...

In the past half century, the developing countries have experienced Essay

In the past half century, the developing countries have experienced major compositional shifts from exports of primary products - Essay Example Over the past half century the shift in the export strategies of the developing countries have been noticeable. The shift in the composition of exports is mainly attributed to the developments and modification of the world’s production procedures. The dependence on land and food of the developing countries were gradually replaced by the advent of new technologies that redefined the production of industries in the economy (Dijck and  Linnemann, 1987, p.39). Gradually, the trend of exports of the developing economies shifted from the primary products and agriculture based items to industrial goods produced with the use of advanced technologies. Historical developments: Compositional shift of exports in the developing countries A look at the historical developments of the developing countries reveals that the developing countries in the early part of the twentieth century consisting of China, India, etc. were dependent on land and agriculture. The land was the major source of i ncome and value of land was very high to the state. The transitional of the stages of the development of the economies and the compositional shift in the exports of the countries over the last fifty years have been described below. Initial phase of exports by developing countries The economies of the developing countries in the initial phase of the historical development were highly dependent on agriculture. It would be correct to mention that developing countries before half a century were agriculture based economies. The land was the major source of livelihood and the income of the state and the people were highly dependent on agricultural produce of the land. The developing nations at that point of time used to produce high quantities of rice, wheat, pulses and other agricultural crops. The enhanced activities on farming and the activities of farmers all over the nation formed a considerable part of the gross domestic product. In international trade, the countries had primary pro ducts and raw materials, agricultural products available in large quantities for export. The foreign exchange earnings occurred majorly through the exports of primary goods, raw materials and agricultural goods produced by the countries. The singly dominant item in the developing economies at early stages of history was food products. This trend of exports underwent a radical change in the compositional shift as the developing countries started to open up their economies in the age of liberalization. Changing trend of compositional exports of the developing countries The composition of exports of the developing countries underwent radical shift in the last half a century as the developing countries like India and China opened up their economies in the era of globalization. The advent of new technological developments brought about changes in the production process and the composition of the products produced by the economies. The developing countries in the last fifty years underwen t economic reforms and adopted policies on liberalization. This was done by attracting foreign investments in the developing countries. Investments on development of infrastructure for supporting the growth of industries were the focus areas in the later stages of historical develo

Threats to an indigenous culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Threats to an indigenous culture - Essay Example The SÃ ¡mi culture encompasses various unique activities carried out by the SÃ ¡mi people for many decades. However, this precious culture faces external threats that interfere with the core activities and beliefs carried out by the SÃ ¡mi people. The SÃ ¡mi people rely greatly on natural resources for their livelihood hence making the SÃ ¡mi culture to be associated with nature. According to the Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the Sami people were initially categorized depending on the characteristic of the natural environment they occupied (1). This means that different Sami people depended on different natural resources for their livelihood depending on their location. Firstly, the Sami people living in the coast of the Arctic Ocean are categorized as the Sea SÃ ¡mi (Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2). Due to the closer location to Arctic Ocean, the livelihood of the Sea SÃ ¡mi mainly depended on resources from the ocean. This means that the main economic activity that was associated with this category was fishing from the ocean. The second category of the SÃ ¡mi people is called the forest SÃ ¡mi. This category of SÃ ¡mi people relied heavily on hunting and gathering as th e source of their livelihood. However, it is worth noting that the SÃ ¡mi people are nomadic and relied heavily in the reindeer in addition to other resources offered by nature. Historical background of the SÃ ¡mi people provides important clues about various activities carried valued in the SÃ ¡mi culture. According to Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, the SÃ ¡mi people descended from people who inhabited the Northern Fennoscandia after the ice age period (1). This indicates that the SÃ ¡mi people are the original landowners in the arctic region. In addition, the ancestry of the SÃ ¡mi people indicates that they had already adapted to the living conditions in the arctic regions. Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples further

Analyses eu-ecowas historical relation

Analyses eu-ecowas historical relation 1.1 INTRODUCTION EU-ECOWAS relations did not commence until 1975 due to the fact that ECOWAS only came into existence on May 28th 1975 with the signing of Treaty of Lagos by its member states (ECOWAS, 2010). However, prior to ECOWAS formation in 1975, some of its member states, particularly the Francophone countries such as Benin, Cote dIvoire, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Togo had been foundation members of Associated African states and Madagascar (EAMA). This group of countries had been actively involved in the ‘regime of association as enshrined in the Treaty of Rome (1957) which arranged a relationship between the former French and Belgian colonies with the EC (ACP, 2010). The early relationship with these ex-colonies became a key aspect of the process of European integration and also established the basis and rationale for subsequent arrangements (Reisen, 2007; Holland, 2002). The Commonwealth countries within the ECOWAS grouping such as Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone did not participate in EC cooperation programme until the UK accession to the EC in 1973. With regards to ex-colonies activities in EC cooperation programme prior to 1973, it had been a case of domination of development agenda by France (Holland, 2002). So, the inclusion of the ECOWAS Commonwealth countries was necessitated because the UK was keen to put its special trading preferences for bananas and sugar under the EC umbrella and to extend its assistance to some former colonies beyond bilateral support (European Commission, 2010a). Since ECOWAS establishment in 1975, EU-ECOWAS relations have been framed by the trade policy understandings as well as other development cooperation arrangements as contained in the partnership agreements that the EU has entered into with developing countries in Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACPs) countries (World Bank, 2007; Oyejide and Njinken, 2002). The ACPs currently comprises 79 countries (48 African, 16 Caribbean and 15 Pacific). The EUs relations with the ACPs are today governed by the ACP-EU Partnership Agreement signed in Cotonou, Benin in June 2000 which came into force in 2003 (ACP-EEC, 2005). However, it has since been revised and the revised Agreement entered into force in July 2008. In a sense, both ECOWAS and ACPs are closely linked but the paper focuses on EU-ECOWAS relations with a view to unravelling its specificity in historical perspectives. 1.2 BACKGROUND OF ECOWAS ECOWAS is a regional group of fifteen West African countries, founded on May 28, 1975, with the signing of the Treaty of Lagos. ECOWAS is one of the pillars of the African Economic Community and its mission is to promote economic cooperation and integration. The overall objective of ECOWAS is to promote co-operation and integration in order to create an economic and monetary union for encouraging economic growth and development in West Africa (ECOWAS, 2010a). The grouping contains a very wide diversity of economies in terms of size, development and resources (EBID, 2005). There were 16 nations in the group until very recently when Mauritania voluntarily withdrew its membership from ECOWAS. The countries include the 7 UEMOA countries of Benin, Burkina-Faso, Chad, Cote dIvoire, Mali, Niger, and Senegal. Other non-UEMOA member countries are Cape-Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The UEMOA is the French acronym of West African Economic and Monetary Union. It is an organization of eight states of West Africa established in 1994 to promote economic integration among countries that share a common currency, the CFA franc. In terms of achievements, UEMOA member countries are working toward greater regional integration with unified external tariffs than ECOWAS. It is both a customs and monetary union and has initiated regional structural and sectoral policies which ECOWAS is adopting. Within ECOWAS also, there is a West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) which comprises a group of five countries (mainly English speaking) that plan to introduce a common currency, the Eco by the year 2015. The WAMZ was formed in 2000 to try and establish a strong stable currency to rival the CFA franc. Though, the desired goal is for the CFA franc and Eco to merge, with a view to giving all of West Africa countries a single stable currency (ECOWAS, 2010b). 1.3 OVERVIEW OF EU-ECOWAS RELATIONS ECOWAS shares a resemblance with the EU in its objective and modes of cooperation for regional integration among member states. Though, their history of establishment differs. Unlike the ECOWAS model, in which all countries came together at once (except Cape Verde which joined in 1976) to form an economic arrangement, only six countries initiated the current EU arrangement, while other European countries joined at different points through its enlargement and accession strategy (Alaba, 2006). It has often been argued that integration in the West African sub-region has largely been informed by the integration processes in Western Europe, primarily because of EUs ‘commitment to regional integration (Smith, 2008; Ogbeidi, 2010). A point of departure between the two groupings however, lies in their performances over the years. While their performances could be a reflection of the level of development of the member states that constitutes the membership of the sub-regional unions, the most important single factor is their level of commitment towards achieving their goals. Unlike the EU arrangement, commitment to various protocol meant to facilitate the achievement of the vision of ECOWAS has been very low and implementation targets have never been met. For example trade liberalisation within the ECOWAS region has been generally low and ineffective (UNCTAD, 2009). The same compliance failure applies to an ECOWAS protocol on free movements of persons, the right of residence and establishment which was agreed as far as back 1979 (World Bank, 2007). 1.4 TRADE AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF ECOWAS WITH EU For virtually all ECOWAS countries, the EU is the main trading partner (Eurostat, 2008). This high dependence of the countries on the EU market is largely due to their historical links and the nature of their trade patterns which has often made them trade dependent (Fontagne, 2008; Greenidge, 1998). The economic structure of the West African sub-region is largely dominated by agriculture which is closely followed by mining. Agriculture contributed about 25.17%, to sub-regional GDP as at 2006, up from 24.19% in 1995, while mining accounted for 22.13% slightly higher than 21.45 in 1995. Trade contributed about 14.64% of the Groups GDP, down from 15.39% in 1995 (Ecostat, 2010). Most of the ECOWAS countries tend to be highly specialised in a few key products such as petroleum and a few unprocessed agricultural commodities such as coffee and cotton. ECOWAS is the largest trading partner of all the EUs sub regional groupings/cooperation. It accounts for about 40% of total trade with the EU by regions (Eurostat, 2008). Out of the fifteen ECOWAS countries, thirteen of these countries are ranked as Least Developed Countries (LDCs) while three are non-LDC (HDR, 2009). The non-LDC countries in the region are Nigeria, Ghana and Cote dIvoire. These 3 non-LDC countries and Senegal to some extent account for the bulk of trade relations with the EU. In 2008 EUs rankings of African countries in terms of value of goods traded, Nigeria and Cote dIvoire ranked the 4th and 10th for all EU imports while Nigeria, Senegal and Ghana were ranked 5th, 9th and 10th respectively for all EUs exports (Eurostat, 2009). West Africas main exports are oil from Nigeria (50% of West African exports) and agricultural tropical products (cocoa, bananas, pineapples, wood) mostly from Cà ´te dIvoire and Ghana (European Commission, 2009) while Senegal is noted for groundnut (Bergtold et al, 2005). For nearly all the countries the leading import items are heavy equipments, chemical and chemical products and textiles, rubber and metal products. 1.5 EU-ECOWAS EPA NEGOTIATIONS As mentioned earlier, EU-ECOWAS relations are governed by the agreements between EU and ACP group of States. In order to achieve their objectives, the relations between the two bodies have historically been framed by a series of conventions. For EU-ECOWAS relations, the most operative conventions are Lomà © Conventions (1975-2000) and Cotonou Agreement (2000-2020). The Lomà © Conventions (1975-2000) consist of four regimes of conventions from Lomà © I which was first signed in February 1975 in Lomà ©, Togo to Lomà © IV which ended in 2000. The Lomà © Conventions are a trade and aid agreement between the European Community (EC) and the ACP group of states. The first Lomà © Convention was designed to provide a new framework of cooperation between the then European Community (EC) and developing ACP countries. The Lome Conventions most important attribute is its non-reciprocity, which allows ACP exports duty free access to the European market while enabling the ACP states to maintain tariff barriers against European goods. It introduced the STABEX and SYSMIN system which were designed to compensate ACP countries for the shortfall in agricultural export earnings and mining industry activities respectively due to fluctuation in the prices or supply of commodities (ACP-EEC, 1995; 1975). The Lomà © Convention was a commitment to an equal partnership between Europe and ACPs (Holland, 2002). A critical review of the trade agreement/convention however, shows a perpetuation of unequal power relations between both parties. For example, the reciprocity clause has always been geared towards meeting export interests of European firms (Orbie, 2008) and the negotiation for the Lomà © convention itself was a reflection of Third World commodity power, which the EU was keen to preserve through its privileged access to these commodities via its ex-colonial links (Gibb, 2000). Nevertheless, Lomà © conventions have been considered as the hallmark of the EUs policy with the Third world and the most institutionalised of all EUs group-to-group dialogues. It marked a distinctive progression from a regime of association to what could be called a forum of partnership and cooperation (Hurt, 2003; Holland, 2002). It has also been argued by Crawford (2007) that Lomà © Convention is the most significant agreement for Sub-Saharan Africa. The Cotonou Agreement (2000-2020) is the most recent agreement in the history of ACP-EU Development Cooperation. It is based on four main principles: partnership, participation, dialogue and mutual obligations, and differentiation as well as regionalization (ACP-EEC, 2000). One of the radical changes and fundamental elements of the Cotonou Agreement concerns trade cooperation between EU-ACP states. This is not surprising given the fact that EU has exclusive trade competencies and trade policy instrument has been a key strategy of its external policy (Lightfoot, 2010; Orbie, 2008; Bretherton and Vogler, 1999). The most striking feature of the new trade cooperation is the fact that the non-reciprocal trade preferences have been replaced with a new scheme of Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs). The EPAs are schemes aimed at creating a Free Trade Area (FTA) between the EU and ACP countries (ACP-EEC, 2000). The EPAs are a response to continuing criticism that the non-reciprocal and discriminating preferential trade agreements offered by the EU are incompatible with WTO rules. Apart from the issue of WTO compatibility, it was also argued that generous trade preferences were not enough for economic take off (European Commission, 1995). It was therefore seen as having achieved limited success in terms of promoting accelerated development in ACP countries. So, what does the EPA signify for EU-ECOWAS relations? The negotiations on an EPA between ECOWAS and the EU were launched in Brussels in 2002 (ECA, 2007). However, the negotiations have so far been inconclusive due to some concerns that the EPAs will lead to large trade imbalances in West African economies, as well as substitution of local and regional production by European imports (Perez and Karingi, 2007). The decline in import duties due to the preferential tariff elimination has also been a major concern for West African countries (Busse and Grobmann, 2004). In particular, the reciprocity condition implicit in the agreement, implied that at some time before 2020, the ECOWAS countries must have to open up their economies to imports from the EU countries. This may invariably lead to trade diversion, trade creation, loss of trade revenues and deindustrialisation (World Bank, 2007; Adenikinju and Alaba, 2005). In a study on the impacts of the EU-ECOWAS EPAs, Lang (2006) found that Ghana and especially Guinea-Bissau could lose up to 20% of their Government budget revenues in case of a full liberalisation of EU imports. Although tariff revenue falls were considered highest in Nigeria in absolute dollar terms, those two countries will be the most affected. In a similar study on the impacts of the EU-ACP EPAs in six ACP regions, Fontagne et al (2008:6-7), ACP exports to the EU are forecast to be 10 percent higher with the EPAs than under the GSP/EBA option. On average ACP countries are forecast to lose 70 percent of tariff revenues on EU imports in the long run. The most affected region is ECOWAS. The implication of a loss of tariff income would translate into public budget constraints and could therefore pose great developmental challenges for ECOWAS countries. Nevertheless, both Cote dIvoire and Ghana agreed and endorsed interim EPAs with the EU in December 2007 (European Commission, 2009). These agreements were principally put in place because full regional EPAs could not be agreed upon. Of these three largest trading partners with the EU, Nigeria opted out of an interim EPA. For now, the country can only benefit from the regular EU Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). This is far less advantageous than the nonreciprocal Lomà © preferences because the GSP covers fewer products and has stricter rules of origin (Hurt, 2003). Though the Nigerian Government has twice applied to be placed on the GSP+ status, the EU has rejected the applications purely for political reasons (Nwoke, 2009). The rest of the West African region is largely made up of Least Developed Countries (European Commission, 2009). They have an option not to negotiate since they have duty free access to the EU under the ‘Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme (Orbie, 2008; Bilal, 2007). The EBA is the differentiation component of Cotonuo Agreement made in the treatment of least developed countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs. For these thirteen countries, the EPA may not carry additional benefits over the EBA except for the technical and financial support that the former may carry (Adenikinju and Alaba, 2005). So, their level of commitment to signing full EPA is marginal. It needs pointing out that the small gains which might result from the EBA initiative are expected to fade away as a consequence of the EU negotiations on EPAs (Kohnert, 2008). Besides, the contentious nature of EBA scheme due to its unilateral introduction makes it less attractive (Bilal, 2002). As Flint (2008:60) argues the EU has highlig hted further problems facing policymakers by the split into separate blocs of LDC and non-LDC. This is very illustrative of EU-ECOWAS relations. From the foregoing, it is discernible that in effect, the EPA will play a significant role in terminating the ECOWAS group as the main development partner of the EU. Prior to the EPA negotiations, ECOWAS countries have not had great success at significantly enlarging trade amongst member states. Intraregional trade as a proportion of total trade remains much lower in African regional integration (UNCTAD, 2009). And, with the new EPAs strategy that seeks for unilateral negotiation in practice, trade improvement amongst member states is further undermined (Borrmann et al, 2005). Concisely, the EPA is detrimental to the cause of regional integration. For EU-ECOWAS, the two principles of reciprocity and deeper regional integration are likely to pull in different directions (Lang, 2006). 1.6 AID FOR TRADE AND DEMOCRACY PROMOTION IN EU-ECOWAS RELATIONS The Aid for Trade initiative emerged within the Doha Round out of the need to help all countries to benefit from trade i.e. to maximise the gains from trade. Yet, demand for, and capacity to absorb, aid for trade still exceeds available resources (World Bank, 2005). The EU Aid for Trade strategy adopted in October 2007 confirms the European commitment to provide EUR2 billion per year in Trade Related Assistance by 2010 and to increase spending for the wider Aid for Trade agenda (ECDPM, 2009). A review of Aid for Trade however shows that donors have achieved their pledges simply by applying the modified WTO-OECD monitoring rules, without initiating any new projects (Brà ¼ntrup and Voionmaa, 2010). So, for ECOWAS countries whose capacity building and supply-side constraints have been a major factor in the lack of competitiveness and the relatively poor trade and growth performance (AU, 2006), Aid for Trade can only be meaningful if it is translated into genuine fresh aid for utilisati on. Also, the issue of democracy promotion in EU-ECOWAS relations is more of rhetoric than accomplishment. Crawford (2005) argument that the EUs interests in Africa focus less on democracy promotion and more on the perceived burdens and security threats to Europe arising from political instability and conflict seems more instructive and matter of fact. 1.7 CONCLUSION The EPA negotiations to establish a Free Trade Zone between EU and ECOWAS in line with Cotonuo agreement for a period of 12 years have significant implications on the economies of ECOWAS countries. Given the structure and trade patterns of ECOWAS countries in which manufactures account for about 75% of the EUs export to ECOWAS, full liberalisation of their economies will result in loss of revenue, deindustrialisation and will make the countries to be more vulnerable in the global economy. It is less to be seen if the IEPAs/EPAs negotiations would engender trade that will result in development and poverty reduction for the West Africa sub region. The trade cooperation upon which EPAs is founded symbolises regional integration in principles but its strategy of interim EPAs among individual countries of the region and EBA for least developed countries encourages unilateralism in practice. BIBLIOGRAPHY ACP, 2010, The ACP Group, The Secretariat of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States http://www.acpsec.org/en/about_us.htm accessed on 07/03/2010 ACP-EEC, 1975 Lome 1 Convention, ACP-EEC Convention 1975 ACP-EEC, 2000 The Cotonou Agreement: Partnership Agreement between the members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states of the one part, and the European Community and its member states, of the other part, signed in Cotonou, Benin on 23 June 2000 ACP-EEC, 2005, Agreement amending the partnership agreement between the members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states, of the one part, and the European Community and its member states, of the other part, signed in Cotonou on 23 June 2000 ACP/CE/2005/en 1 Adenikinju, A. and Alaba, O. (2005) EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements: Implication for Trade and Development in West Africa Trade Policy Research and Training Programme (TPRTP) University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria Draft Paper for Presentation at the Silver Jubilee Meeting of WIDER-UNU, Helsinki, Finland, June 2005. African Union, (2006) AU COMMISSIONS PROPOSAL ON THE WTO AID FOR TRADE INITIATIVE African Union Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA Alaba, O. (2006) EU-ECOWAS EPA: Regional Integration, Trade Facilitation and Development in West Africa Trade Policy Research and Training Programme (TPRTP) University of Ibadan Ibadan, Nigeria A Draft Paper for presentation at the GTAP conference, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, May, 2006. Bergtold, J. et al (2005) Lomà © to Cotonou Conventions: Trade Policy Alternatives for the Senegalese Groundnut Sector Journal of Agricultural Economics. Volume 33, number 3. 2005. pp. 315 Bilal, S. (2002) The Future of ACP-EU Trade Relations: An Overview of the Forthcoming Negotiations ECDPM ODI Discussion Paper No. 1 2002 Bilal, S. (2007) EU Bilateral and Regional Agreements The Case of Free Trade Agreements European Centre for Development Management (ECDPM) 14 March 2007 Brussels Borrmann, A. et al (2005) EU/ACP Economic Partnership Agreements: Impact, Options and Prerequisites. Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), Germany Intereconomics, May/June 2005 Bretherton, C. and Vogler, J. (1999) The European Union as a Global Actor Oxon; Routledge Brà ¼ntrup, M. and Voionmaa, P. (2010) Aid for Trade an opportunity for re-thinking aid for economicgrowth International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development Volume 9 Number 2, 2010 Busse, M. et al (2004) The Impact of ACP/EU Economic Partnership Agreements on ECOWAS Countries: An Empirical Analysis of the Trade and Budget Effects HWWA Hamburg Institute of International Economics Prepared for the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Hamburg, July 2004 Crawford, G. (2005) ‘The European Union and Democracy Promotion in Africa: The Case of Ghana, The European Journal of Development Research, Volume 17 Number 4, 571 600 Crawford, G. (2007) The EU and Democracy promotion in Africa: High on Rhetoric, Low on Delivery in Mold, A. (2007) (ed.) EU Development policy in a changing world; Challenges for the 21st century. Amsterdam;Amsterdam University Press pp 169-197 EBID, 2005 ‘The Bank for West Africas Development The ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development group (EBID) Newsletter October, 2005 ECA, (2007) EPA Negotiations: African Countries Continental Review ¨ African Trade Policy Centre Review Report 19 February 2007 ECOSTAT, 2010 Data and statistics- ECOWAS National Accounts http://www.ecostat.org/en/National-Accounts/National_Accounts/Tables1.pdf accessed on 13/03/2010 ECOWAS, 2010a ECOWAS: Achievement and Prospects http://www.sec.ecowas.int/sitecedeao/english/achievements.htm accessed on 14/03/2010 ECOWAS, 2010b ECOWAS in Brief and Treaty of ECOWAS http://www.comm.ecowas.int/sec/index.php?id=about_alang=en accessed on 07/03/2010 European Commission (1997) Green Paper on Relations between the European Union and the ACP Countries on the Eve of the 21st Century (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities). European Commission, 2009 Fact sheet on the interim Economic Partnership Agreements WEST AFRICA: IVORY COAST AND GHANA January 2009 European Commission, 2010a, Lome 1 Development and Relations with African, Carribbean and Pacific States http://ec.europa.eu/development/geographical/cotonou/lomegen/lomeitoiv_en.cfm accessed on 07/03/2010 Eurostat, 2008 Africa-EU: Economic Indicators, Trade and Investment. Eurostat General and Regional Statistics Flint, A. (2008) Marrying poverty alleviation and sustainable development An analysis of the EU-ACP Cotonou Agreement. Journal of International Relations and Development (2008) 11, 55-74. Fontagnà ©, L. et al (2008) An Impact Study of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in the Six ACP Regions. Commission of the European Union Directorate General for Trade N ° Trade SPECIFIC CONTRACT N ° SI2.453.883 Implementing Framework Contract No TRADE/05/H3/01/1c Gibb, R. 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(2006) A partial equilibrium analysis of the impact of the ECOWAS-EU Economic Partnership Agreement Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, 2006, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Lightfoot, S. (2010) EU and Economic Conditionality Free trade out of poverty? Lecture Notes March 2010 Mechanisms for delivery of EU Aid for Trade to ACP regions European Centre for Development Policy management (ECDPM), Maastricht (Netherlands), July 2009 Nwoke, C. (2009) EU-ECOWAS Economic Partnership Agreement: Nigerias role in securing development-focus and regional integration Prepared for presentation at the 2009 African Economic Conference, organized by the African Development Bank and the Economic Commission for Africa, on the theme Fostering Development in an Era of Financial and Economic Crisis, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 11th 13th November, 2009. OGBEIDI, M. (2010) Comparative Integration: A brief analysis of the European Union (EU) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) The Journal of International Social Research Volume 3 Num 10 Winter 2010 Orbie, J. (2008) A Civilian power in the World: Instrument and Objective in European Union External Policies in Orbie, J. (2008) (ed.) Europes Global Role: External Policies of the European Union Aldershot; Ashgate pp. 1-34 Oyejide, A. and Njinken, D. (2002) African preparation for trade negotiations in the context of the ACP-EU Cotonou Partnership Agreement African Economic Research Consortium (AERC) Perez, R. and Njugun-Karingi, S. (2007) How to Balance the Outcomes of the Economic Partnership Agreements for Sub-Saharan African Economies? The World Economy, Vol. 30, No. 12, pp. 1877-1899, December 2007 Reisen, M. (2007) ‘The enlarged European Union and the Developing World: What Future? in Mold, A. (2007) (ed.) EU Development policy in a changing world; Challenges for the 21st century. Amsterdam; Amsterdam University Press Pg 29-65 Smith, K. (2008) European Union Foreign Policy in a changing World (2nd edition) Cambridge; Polity Press UNCTAD, 2009 Economic Development in Africa Report: Strengthening Regional Economic Integration for Africas Development. UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT New York and Geneva 2009 UNCTAD/ALDC/AFRICA/2009 World Bank (2005) Aid for Trade: Competitiveness and Adjustment Joint Note by the Staffs of the IMF and the World Bank April 12, 2005 Zouhon-Bi, S. and Nielsen, L. (2007) The Economic Community of West African States Fiscal Revenue Implications of the Prospective Economic Partnership Agreement with the European World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4266, June 2007

Mice and Men Essay

John Ernst Steinbeck was born on 27 February 1902, in Salinas, California, USA. The Salinas River is mentioned in the first line of Of Mice and Men. The whole novel is centred on the landscape around Salinas. Steinbeck was the third of four children, of mixed German and Irish descent. His parents owned a considerable amount of land, and his mother was a schoolteacher who encouraged him to read widely. His background was neither rich nor poor, and his parents wanted him to follow a ‘respectable’ career. John Steinbeck wrote the novel called Of Mice and Men. It was published in the depression years of the 1930’s. Steinbeck raises questions in the mind of the reader that the novel would be based on loneliness. The first line read â€Å"A few miles south of Soledad†. This is a clever idea by Steinbeck as â€Å"Soledad† means loneliness in Spanish. John Steinbeck’s family was wealthy, but was interested in the lives of farm labourers. It gave him a inspiration to write books about migrant workers. He could of been a doctor or a teacher but he chose to become an author. John Steinbeck must of met a lot of people like Lennie and George, so he has ideas to write a good book. The historical context of the novel is that its all about the depression years in the 1930’s. It was illegal to be unemployed. People living in the 30’s didn’t have a choice but to go to work. The main characters in this story are George and Lennie. They travel around together, share their minds together, and what ever trouble Lennie gets into, George had to get him out of it. George didn’t like Lennie that much because of all the trouble that he gets into. He didn’t want to stay with Lennie, but his mother told George to look after him. Lennie was always trying to find a good opportunity to go off alone in the hills. George didn’t want that, he liked Lennie as a friend, but Lennie gets into too much trouble. But they always say; ‘You got me, and I got you’. This novel called ‘Of Mice and Men’ was set in a town called ‘Soledad’. It meant ‘Lonely’ in Spanish. The ranch is located in the middle of no where. It’s 4 miles to the town. The characters in this novel are ranch workers who are described as lonely. Ranch work is not long term. All of the workers except for Candy and Crooks are only passing through. When George and Lennie get jobs, the boss is suspicious of them because they look like they’ve known each other from somewhere and are close friends. The other ranch workers see that George is always answering for Lennie. But they cannot understand why they are always together. George says that â€Å"ranch workers are the loneliest people in the world and don’t belong nowhere†. In this paragraph, I’m going to write about Crooks. Crooks is a black guy. He’s not allowed to stay in the bunkhouse with the other ranch hands because he is black. He doesn’t have the same status as the other white workers. Crooks was also excluded because he suffered an injury and so is not as capable as the other ranch hands. His possessions show that he is lonely. Everyone can see that because he loves to read his books but was excluded. Crooks doesn’t like when Lennie tries to talk to him. Crooks get angry every time he tells Lennie to go away from him. But after that, he admits that he is lonely. Lennie will also get lonely and even sick when no one is with him. He needs someone beside him all the time so that he feels supported. For this, he always wants George. In this paragraph, I have looked at the way Crooks treat other people and what his appearance looks like to everyone else. I will now write about Candy. He’s an old man who wants to join up with George and Lennie and get a place where they can live. Candy provides a parallel to George and Lennie in that he relies on his dog – ‘I’m so used to ‘im’ (p.46) – just as George and Lennie are an elevated version of a master/dog relationship. Candy clings to his dog, despite all that logic and common sense dictate. He loves to be with his dog because he had him since he was a puppy. It was the best sheepdog he had ever had. The other workers didn’t realise the relationship between Candy and the dog. It meant nothing to everyone except for Candy. They’ve been together for all of Candy’s life. But now Lennie’s life has ended. Candy cleans out the farm buildings, and shows George and Lennie the bunkhouse. Candy lost his hand whilst working on the farm, and was allowed to stay on in this lowly position as cleaner. Candy soon asks George and Lennie if he can come in with them. George said ‘We weren’t thinking of a third person. Cause we was gonna do it on our own’. George knew that it was owned by old people who might be willing to sell it for $600 or so. Candy confesses he has $350 saved up and asks if he can come in with them. George really begins to believe that his dream might become a reality. He needs to work for another month or two and not spend anything so that they will have the stake to buy the farm. This will be good for Candy because then he can live a happy life and avoid the loneliness in the life of a ranch worker. He’s worked here for so long and wants to change his miserable life and make it peaceful. Candy was moaning that he just let a stranger shoot his dog. By the look of him, he could see that Carlson didn’t like the smell of Candy’s old dog. Carlson asks Slim to give Candy one of the other pups so that the old dog can be shot. Once the dog has been shot, he feels strong pressure because he had him since he was a pup. When George and Lennie were talking about their dream, Candy steps in and instead of being sad, George and Lennie gives pride and gives Candy more confidence. In this paragraph I have explained Candy’s life and the way he lives. I am now going to write about Curley’s wife. She doesn’t like Curley very much and wants to go elsewhere but cannot because of Curley. The other ranch workers avoid Curley’s wife as they know that if they befriend her, they will get into trouble. She also said that she could hang Curley at anytime if she felt like it (Showing that she can be dangerous as well as Lennie). She also visits the bunkhouse a lot, she wanted company, but had to ask where Curley was. On Saturday nights she is left at the ranch alone. When she is left alone at the ranch, she tells everyone about her life and story. It’s very miserable for Curley’s wife. She tells everyone the truth†¦ that she doesn’t really like Curley. Everyone else has names except for her. She has to be called Curley’s wife. That is why she doesn’t appear much in the story. She’s being treated like an object. Slim’s dog name is ‘Loulou’. We have looked at the character of Curley’s wife and how she got on. George and Lennie are different to the other ranch hands. The way they respond to each other shows very close friendship. Lennie always get into trouble and George is there to get him out of it. They share a dream together of working and then getting a lot of money so that they can live comfortably in the place that there going to get. Every time George says ‘We’re gonna get the place’. Lennie gets very excited and says ‘I get to tend the rabbits’. But when George is about to shoot Lennie, he keeps saying this so that Lennie puts his mind fully onto the house in his head and imagining him tend the rabbits, George wanted this because when he looked the other way, there was a time to shoot him. George wanted him to see it as he is talking. It was related to the shooting of Candy’s dog too which gave George more confidence in shooting Lennie. But at the end, it is George who will feel guilty. George often insults Lennie and ‘gives him hell’, but he doesn’t really mean it. Although he often talks about how well off he could be without Lennie he secretly doesn’t want Lennie to leave, and when Lennie offers to do so in the first chapter, George virtually pleads with him to stay. This is because George also depends on Lennie to a certain extent for his unconditional friendship. I didn’t think that Steinbeck would make George shoot Lennie. At first, those two was good friends, I thought they would actually get that bunkhouse. But it ended in a bad way. It made the readers / watchers feel shocked and feel that his life has ended with just one shot. George always gets annoyed of Lennie and Lennie says that he will go up to the hills. George knows that he’s the only one who has to get him out of trouble. But then decides if Lennie’s gone, then he can have total freedom and do anything he wants. At the end, it might of been a mistake to shoot Lennie. The first paragraph tells us about the introduction of John Steinbeck. It tells the readers what is going to happen. The second paragraph describes the setting and ranch workers. It’s the setting of the story and the ranch workers. The third paragraph let’s the readers understand Crooks. It also describes his ethnic group and his rights. The fourth paragraph tells us about Candy. It tells the readers about his loving dog and his dreams towards the ranch. The fifth paragraph also describes Curley’s Wife. The way she acts in the story, and how lonely she is. Finally, the last paragraph tells the readers about the friendship of George and Lennie. It tells us how George and Lennie travel together, live together and the trouble that they get into. It also summarises George and Lennie’s dream. John Steinbeck is trying to say that life in the 1930s in California was lonely. He doesn’t just write it down, because that will just give the point away. He wants the readers to imagine it for themselves.

Control charts

Control Charts Control Charts are use to distinguishes between specializes or common-cause of variation that Is present In a process. There are two basic types of control charts:- Variables Quantitative data (Measured) Attributes Qualitative data (Counted) Variable Control Charts Use actual measurements for charting Types:- Average & Range charts Median & Range charts Average & Standard deviation charts Individual & Moving Range charts Run Charts Attribute Control Charts use pass/fall or go/no-go Judgment Type improvement.To determine the process capability. For decisions In regard to product specifications. For current decisions in regard to recently produced items. Average & Range charts (0 and R) Guidelines for subgroup sizes (n):- As n increases the CLC become closer to central line. 2. As n increases the inspection cost per subgroup increases. 3. Distributions for averages of subgroups are nearly normal for n = 4 4. If n = 10 use the s -chart instead of R-chart . N = 5 commonly being used in industry 6.The percentage of product that falls within any pair of values may be predicted with the highest degree of assurance. It permits the consumer to use the producer's data The operator is performing satisfactorily from a quality viewpoint. PROCESS IN CONTROL (Natural pattern of variation) About 34% of the plotted points in an imaginary band between one standard deviation on both sides of the central line About 13. 5% of the plotted points in an imaginary band About 2. 5% of the plotted points in an imaginary band

Essay on The Pros and Cons of Marxism - 1907 Words

The ideology of Marxism, established by German philosopher Karl Marx, is a collectively known set of assumptions of a political ideology, which focuses especially on analysis of materialist interpretation of historical development, or on class struggle within the society. The primarily approach of Marxism, nonetheless, was the critique of capitalism. The strength of his inquiry lies in belief of inevitable shift from capitalism and he aims to advocate the new form of ideology and economy, the socialism. The title of this essay is provocative as in today ´s world, there exist many proponents who claim, the core of Marx conception of ideology is still relevant in the 21st globalised world. However, Marxism is relevant to the extent to which†¦show more content†¦Manifesto deals with Bourgeois and Proletarians, where he is asserting that bourgeois is constantly trying to maximize its profit by exploiting proletarians and their manual labour. Marx and Engels claim â€Å"The hi story of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle†. At this point it is almost certain, why IR influenced Marx as much as he came up with idea of socialism and yet, of communism. Secondarily, the (FR) in France from 1789 to 1799 was another radical and political event in the worldwide history. Marx and Engels based their analysis of the FR, as a series of class struggle. Both concluded, that in society of material inequality it is impossible to reach an actual freedom, considering the slogans of IR â€Å"Liberty, Equality and Fraternality†, if the society is divided into exploiters and exploited, meaning Bourgeoisie and Proletariat. This observation was vital to Marx ´s concept. The next section draws attention on the central feature of Marxist approach, the historical materialism. The â€Å"Materialist Conception of history† was to the Critique of Political Economy; the fundamental argument here, is that economics is the motor for the history as a whole; in other words, Marxists argue that the procedure of historical changes is in analyse,Show MoreRelatedThe Pros and Cons of Functionalism and Marxism2300 Words   |  10 Pagescrime are Functionalism and Marxism. I have done so, as I believe both theories are important/ significant to the study of crime and differentiate from each other. I will do this by writing a critique the advantages and disadvantages of both of the theories and thus, resulting in my own personal opinion in the conclusion. Marxism derived from German philosophers Karl Marx (also a political economist/ sociologist) and Friedrich Engels in the middle of the 1800s. ‘Marxism is based on the idea thatRead MoreCapitalism, Liberalism And Marxism Leninism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept of wealth; how do I get more? 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