A Fundamental Extension In Morality Philosophy Essay

A Fundamental Extension In Morality Philosophy EssayIn this essay I will chastise to explain and analyse the effects of the disaster of the ball-shaped land when circumstancesing with a global ecological crisis. Moreover it will be observed how the tragedy of the commons prevents us from solutions to solve ecological problems which affect the world as a alone. I will try to put a focus on the sparing problem of the tragedy and the solutions which have been proposed yet.The last decades have made it clear that our planet is on the verge of an epochal shift, different organisations dealing with ecological problems raised the alarm concerning the short- AND long-run future. It is well summarized by Al GoreUnfortunately, in the intervening years, time has non stood still for the global environment. The pace of destruction has turn and the urgent need for a response has grown more(prenominal) acute. ()The likenessship in the midst of human civilization and the Earth has bee n utterly transformed by a combination of factors, including the population explosion, the technological revolution.() the worlds leading scientists, have offered increasingly dire warnings.2Some wise, man already acknowledged this long before the status quo of ecological crisis in the modern world() the white man does not understand our counsels. ()he is a stranger who comes in the night and takes from the land whatever he needs. (), and when he has conquered it, he moves on. () His appetite will devour the earth and leave behind scarcely a desert.3Indeed the lifestyle of many societies is not sustainable, and has not been so even in ancient times. We just need to reckon of the fact that the roman empire 2000 years ago, during its thriving period was responsible for the destruction of the biggest forests in Europe.deforestation did not cause the Roman collapse, but that unmatchable could make a case as to being a part of it. 4If we think of how small we are compared to the enor mous, massive number of individuals in society, we could encounter that we are unimportant members of a huge machine, which is moved by its self-enforcing and self-imposed rules. We feel insignificant and weak.(This kind of pile is known in philosophy as Holism the idea that systems, in this case ecological and demographical systems, can only be explained as a whole and not a collection of parts. Moreover Holism states that society determines individuals and not the other way round)On the other hand we feel that it is not only our personal fault but also of the others who waste, abuse, exploit and prefer comfort to responsible and conscientious use of natural resources.(This will be explained better in the paragraph dedicated to the Tragedy of the commons)Garret Hardin 1968Al Gore 2006Chief Seattle,1854Joseph A. Tainter, 2006The Tragedy of the commonsThe tragedy of the commons was first depict in an article by the ecologist Garrett Hardin published in 1968 in the Science journa l.Hardin arrived to this dilemma starting his article from the concern of nuclear arms race between United states and the Soviet union during the years of cold war. His conclusion was that since our world is finite no technological solution is possible.What he means by technical solution is best specialised by Hardin himself A technical solution may be defined as one that requires a change only in the techniques of the natural sciences, demanding little or nothing in the way of change in human hold dears or ideas of morality.5Hardin only started from this concern to define a no technical solution problem , a category of dilemmas which cannot be solved in a technical way. The reason is that we live in a finite world and even technological innovations cannot solve the problem of exponentially growing population, that is why we have to assume a finite world. The tragedy of the commons is one type of this dilemmas as will be explained.Concretely the tragedy of the commons is the situ ation which emerges in social systems, which leads to over exploitation of common resources and therefore their destruction. As common resources affected by the problem we usually find things like non polluted water, air or environment in general forests but also clean streets, roads without traffic, fisheries resource, etcAt the base of these resources is the fact that they all belong to the public good (or perfect public good for legitimate authors) category as defined by economic hypothesis A publicgood(orservice) may be consumed without reducing theamountavailable for others, and cannot be withheld from those who do notpayfor it. Publicgoods include (), national defense, parks, and other things for the use andbenefitof all. Nomarketexists for such goods().6As defined above these goods have basically two characteristics Non- rivalry in consumption and non-excludability of potential users.They are basically opposed to the private goods which have the opposite characteristics f or instance nutriment is a typical private good there is rivalry in consumption as if one person eats it, it cannot be eaten by psyche else. Certainly they are also excludable a as is evidently clear. We can summarise the types of goods in the following table7We wont focus on Common goods and Low congestion goods (also known as club goods) since they are more technical and not of the concern of this paper.Hardin 1968businessdictionary.comlivingeconomics.orgAs stated in the cosmos of this text, environment it a typical public good and people have an ambiguous feeling concerning protection of the environment as cognizant behaviour. Regarding this last flow we can observe a certain psychological process occurring in an agentsA mind and logic.Agents is the economic definition of individual. They are purposeful agents who interact in plaza and time and whose micro-level inter action mechanisms create emergent patterns. () 8The agent has two distinct feelings. The first one is a s ense of injustice which can be summarized in the sentence Why should I care while anyone does not, and moreover enjoys the benefits of pickings advantage of nature. The second reasoning going on in an agents mind is more rational. gain groundmore if the person thinks of his utilityB he will end up noticing that if he chooses to protect the environment and act consciously he will not pass water the benefit (utility) of his actions (for instance a less polluted air) because anyway other agents will abuse the environment increasing their own utility.B. Ineconomics, the level propitiation the person derives from a good or service. Utility is inherently subjective and thus difficult to measure(). Historically, it has been thought that one canquantifythe utility of to each one unit, but someeconomistsdisagree with this. 9Hardin makes the example of a pasture in the land to which eitherbody has access to. Given a group of many herdsmen anyone unstrained to increase his own utility an d therefore revenues, it appears clear that one is better off having many wights than a few.If we imagine a rational herdsman taking decision whether to add an additional animal to his herd, he has two effects from the decision, one is a coercive and the other a interdict in estimate to his utility. The positive is the fact that he will have all the proceeds from an additional animal. We can therefore imagine an incensement of utility equal to +1. The negative one is that the pasture is exploited more and more and will yield less. except since the herdsman is not the only owner but there are many, this negative effect will be shared with the others, it is therefore only a fraction of -1. 10Since they are rational it is reasonable to add an additional animal but as all do so, the pasture gets ruined. Indeed this is due to the fact that the revenue is individualistic, the loss on the other hand is shared by all. Additionally each one is only applying his individual rationality wh ich is different from collective one. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit-in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush10At this point one could argue that after some years the herdsmen understand that abusing the pasture by over exploiting it leads to a worse outcome for all since it gets infertile and no one can profit from it anymore.But even if they do understand the implement of the dilemma it is very difficult to enforce means of controlling the others pastures are huge and there are many animals, so how to distinguish one from other? If it would be conceivable to create such a control in the herdsmen case it would be even worse and unthinkable for cases like pollution.How to control every person who is dirtying the streets? Agreement to prevent polluting action is almost impossible, violators are difficult to catch because the agents are many and the damage produced by each action is relativel y small and hidden. What is even worse is that violations are hard to identify not only because the group is big, but also fluid (lots of agents are in the place for a very short period of time)New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008Farlex Financial Dictionary. 2012 Farlex, Inc.Hardin 1968ConclusionsAs we have seen the tragedy of the common is the biggest deal preventing us to deal with a global ecological crisis. We know that the problem of each person will be asking what would change if they act in a conscious way, but the conclusion will only be that the environment gets ruined anyway and the individual will be worse off than when acting selfish. This is not only true for single people but also for entire nations.The latter concept is also known in international law as Transboundary damage Transboundary damage can arise from a wide range of activities which are carried out in one country but inict unseemly effects in the territory of another. Traditionally, however, transboun dary damage as a term of art normally refers to border-crossing damage via land, water, or air in dyadic severalise relations11, 12, 13It is the idea that industrial or economic activity conducted by one country for its own sake creates damage for others.The technical definition is That large-scale industrial, agricultural, and technical activities conducted in the territory of one country can cause detrimental effects in the territory of another country or to areas of the global commons.11,12,13The problem is still that Everyone is waiting for everyone else to act first, the result being that no one acts at all.14, 15Economic theory deals with this kind of problem as a market failure. As we said in the previous paragraph, public goods lead to market failures because a certain part of the cost of the action is not paid by the agent. For instance the cost of a polluted environment is not paid by the polluting industries. These agents are known in economic theory as free riders Party that enjoys abenefitaccruing from a collective effort, butcontributeslittle or nothing to the effort.16General solution to the problem is to value the agent who is creating the social cost so that he has to pay the price for the damage he is creating. This kind of tax income is known as Pigouvian tax, from the name of his craftsman Arthur Cecil PigouWhat is different in our case is that we deal with a global ecological crisis so there is no global financial institution which could enforce taxation on national states.A particular solution which is interesting in our case is the one of emission trading. This refers to a system of tradable permit which can be bought on a market. Each permit gives the right to pollute a certain quantity, the outcome of the trading is unexpected An industry whichs cost of reducing pollution is high might buy the permits, on the other hand an industry with low reduction cost for emission might reduce its emissions and sells its permits to others.The mor e businesslike in reducing emissions are rewarded. This system is not only a theoretical one but was actually applied for the Kyoto protocol of 1997 about carbon dioxide emissions.Still as stated above and previous to our times by Garret Hardin these are mostly technical solutions and will only delay the endorsement in which resources will not suffice especially with a growing population. Therefore a different approach is necessary, a shift in the way we act but fundamentally in what we believe to be the goal of our lives and therefore societies.Certainly one answer to the problem would be the one of the Ecologist view of the world. Green parties have been asking for reduction of emission and preservation of environment since the late sixties.The basic foundation of their claims is that human society as a whole should reduce its consumption and live a life which is sustainable. () the more fundamental response is to try to reduce or avoid those human activities that are seen as e ndangering sustainable development.17We should demand ourselves if we really need all the material good provided by society and if this really makes us happier. Market economy states that the price is the value a consumer gives to a certain good. If he is willing to pay one hundred dollars for a good or service this means he determine it exactly one hundred dollars of utility.But the question is does our happiness really depend on this? Because in the end, at the deepest layer it is just about it Happiness. It has been questioned if the relation with nature is only one sided or if it might be that our life depends from what nature gives to us Weve heard copious accounts of our impact-as humans, as a society-on the natural world. But this is not a one-sided relationship. Lost in these dire and scolding accounts has been the impact on us and our well-being.18This is Lambins view in his book ecology of happiness. Further he arrives to the conclusion that You sense it while walking o n a sandy beach, or in a wild, woody forest, or when you catch people of wildlife, or even while gardening in your backyard. Could it be that the natural environment is an essential part of our happiness?18The answer is a positive one, we were born as natural beings but the development of modern society pushed us extremely far away from our original situation.We should really think if the centering our society is going will bring to a better life for all?Hanqin, Xue 2003Crawford, James 2003Bell, John 2003G. Smith 2002J. Connelly 2002The Business dictionarySzarka, JosephEric Lambin 2012

Biology of Prostate Cancer

Biology of Prostate CancerPDGThe Biological basis of complaint and therapeutics Cancer of the prostateIntroductionMalignancies be presently responsible for more deaths in the UK than ischaemic heart disease (Cummings et al 1998). Half of these malignant deaths ar from the big four Lung, Bowel, Breast and Prostate (World Cancer reticuloendothelial systemearch Fund 1997). These cannistercers argon al roughly unknown in developing countries but the incidence reverts to the UK norm within one or two generations of immigration, which argues strongly for the presence of environmental factors. If this is true then these malignancies should be theoretically preventable.Prostate cancer is the current most prevalent male cancer, accounting for about 30% of all new cases and in addition for about 14% of all malignant deaths (Montironi 2001). The incidence is increasing, this may, in part, be due to the increasing age of the male population. Increasing consumption of red meat and fats are associated with an increase in risk, and a diet of vegetables and salads (especially tomatoes) is associated with a take down risk. It appears that Vit E supplements significantly reduce the risk of developing the disease (Heinonen et al 1998)Pathophysiology of the diseaseThe prostate gland is a walnut sized gland which is situated clean below the male bladder. It is chiefly responsible for producing the seminal fluid and it also produces some hormones.In malignancy, there are several different defecates. The neuroendocrine ca-ca (small cell type) can occur but it is not as common as the focal neuroendocrine type.(Di SantAgnese 2000)Prostate cancer is thought to arise primarily from one or more (usually a series) of communicable mutations in the DNA. This can either be inherited or acquired. (Hague et al 1996)In the UK the majority of prostatic malignancies are thought to be mutations occurring at directly at the tumour site rather than being genetically inherited.(Bingh am et al 1998)The genetic mechanisms can remove either the activation of an oncogene or the inhibition of a tumour supressor gene. The mechanism is not simple, and it is thought that about four to six stepwise mutations in the DNA are responsible for the genesis of prostate cancer.The actual mechanism of the acquired genetic mutation is thought to be when an oncogene is translocated and fused with the activity booster shot of another gene, this mechanism is often found when specific tumour markers are detected in the blood (viz. PSA). A similar mechanism is implicated in the more aggressive forms of prostatic cancer where the oncogene combines (and thereby inhibits) a tumour supressor gene. Demonstration of abnormal amounts of proteins such as PSA are utile in detecting the presence of micro-metastases when the disease process is thought to be in remission.The original sequence of the DNA is thereby adjustmentd. The actual mechanism can be by translocation (as described above) o r by insertions or inversions which are more usually due to errors of RNA translation. All of these mechanisms ultimately exert their force by interfering with the proper regulatory controls of the protein manufacturing abilities of the cellOne of the main pathological features of malignancy is the neovascularisation that almost universally occurs. It is thought to begin in merciful Prostatatic Hypertrophy (BPH), and progresses through the pre-malignant into the frank malignant state. (Bostwick et al 2000)This is thought to be a result of the increase in detectable levels of Vascular Endothelial offshoot Factor (VEGF). The levels of VEGF are highest in the most malignant forms of the disease, and is amenable to external hormonal manipulation. The commonest sites of metastatic disease are in the bone and the liver. (Mazzucchelli et al 2000) on that point is con cheekrable evidence to support the implication of oncogenes in the aetiology of this cancer. Oncogenes such as c-myc and c-erb-B of have been found, as have supressor genes such as p27(Kip1) and pp32R1/2. Oncogenes have also been implicated in the formation and regression of the metastatic form of the disease. (Lijovic et al 2000)There appears to be a genetic association with the cancer as 10% of sufferers have a family history of the disease (Selley et al 1997)Modern management of prostate cancerThe management of prostate cancer is primarily dependent on the clinical staging. There are several different types of staging currently employed. The commonest is the Gleason staging (I-IV) with III being the clinically commonest presentation.Significant factors in the staging areNeuroendocrine differentiationAngiogenesisPerineural invasionProliferation markersOther factors also play a part including the PSA and other blood borne entities. The first two factors are arguably the most important.We have learned a great deal about the detection and treatment of prostate cancer in the recent past, but the mortal ity figures do not reflect the increase in our knowledge. The two overriding clinical factors are untimely detection (ideally in the pre-invasive state) and the identification of the other mark factors.Chemoprevention is a field that is gaining in momentum at the present, but it is still largely experimental. (Montironi et al 1999)The current mainstay of treatment at present is hormonal manipulationA recent paper by Armstrong (et al 2001) looks at the current role of cellular immunotherapy in the field of prostate cancer management. This is a field which also holds exciting practical prospects for tumour management. It involves giving the patient vaccines prepared from antigenically active tumour cells or activated lymphocytes. Specifically cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are used to identify and then destroy the tumour cells. They do this by being programmed to recognise a specific protein on the surface of the malignant prostate cell.Clinical trials have shown that this method of treatm ent is at its most effective when first line (hormonal) treatment has reduced the size of the tumour to a symmetricalness amount, which is at high risk of relapse. For reasons that are not yet fully understood, this method appears to suffer from a developing tolerance to the malignancy by the lymphocytes. This is currently the focus of intense research activity. ( Hwu et al.1999)A more recent development still is an offshoot of this type of treatment and that is the use of gene modified vaccines. This involves vaccines which channel genetically modified cells. The most effective found so far are those which work by making cells increase the production of cytokines in fast proximity to the tumour cells.(Alvarez-Vallina et al 1996)This appears to increase the antigenic appeal of those cells and thereby render them more amenable to attack from the immune system. This avoids the difficulties with the side effects that were seen when cytokines were given(p) systemically. (Gao et al 2 000)Other mechanisms for gene therapy involve the ingenious use of viruses to transfer the altered DNA into the malignant cell. In prostate malignancies, their use has been disappointing because of problems with side effects, but the theory is also promising (Relph et al 2004)PSA and related proteins such as prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) are commonly cooperative in monitoring the progress or relapse of the disease(Montie 1997)PSA is being experimentally exploited by being coupled to enzymes such as thymidine kinease. This can be placed in the body by a retrovirus and therefore infects all cells but is only activated in prostate cells. They are refered to as the Trojan Horse Vectors and appear to very successful in early trials. Proponents of the technique refer to it as performing a genetic prostatectomy.More modern techniques still involves the detection of prostate cells in the bloodstream using a reverse transcriptase and polymerase chain reaction. This is thought to be a particularly sensitive assay for the prediction of surgical failure (Olsson et al 2003)The downside to these treatments involving genes, is that the mechanisms of protein synthesis and regulation are unimaginably complex. Attempts to cure one malignancy may unwittingly cause another by a process called Insertional mutagenesis, where the desired effect in one cell is hindered by an unwanted malignant change in another. (Armstrong 2001)ConclusionsThe advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of prostate cancer have been spectacular in the last decade. Interventional genetics now are on the brink of offering a real chance of survival to patients with resistant disease. Patients with widespread disease are usually desperate to try any form of novel treatment. Although the theory and understanding of many of the oncogenic processes are already well advanced, it is vital not to give a patient false hope of cure. (Bingham et al 1998)To this end the Dept. of Health has set up a new governing body in the shape of he Genetic Therapy Advisory Committee (GTAC) to debate and oversee all new and proposed treatments.The major hurdles that remain in this field are how to effect the stable and specific transfer of genes into tumour cells, how to picture the safety of both patients and staff and to define exactly where the best place is for gene therapy alongside the mainstream treatments today. (Montironi 2001)ReferencesAlvarez-Vallina L, Hawkins RE.2002Antigen-specific targeting of CD28-mediated T cell co-stimulation using chimeric single-chain antibody variable fragment-CD28 receptors.Eur J Immunol 2002 26 2304-2309Armstrong, David Eaton, and Joanne C Ewing 2001 Science, medicine, and the future Cellular immunotherapy for cancer BMJ, Dec 2001 323 1289 1293.Bingham SA, Atkinson C, Liggins J, Bluck L, Coward A. 1998Phytoestrogens where are we now?Br J Nutr 1998 79 393-406Bostwick DG, Grignon D, Hammond EH, Amin MB, Cohen M, Crawford D, et al. 1999Predictive factors in prostate cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statements 1999.Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000 124 996-1000.Cummings JH and Sheila A Bingham 1998 Fortnightly review Diet and the prevention of cancer BMJ, Dec 1998 317 1636 1640.Di SantAgnese PA. 2000Divergent neuroendocrine differentiation in prostatic carcinoma.Sem Diagn Pathol 2000 17 149-161Gao L, Bellantuono I, Elsasser A, Marley SB, Gordon MY, Goldman JM, et al. 2000Selective elimination of leukemic CD34(+) progenitor cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for WT1.Blood 2000 95 2198-2203Hague A, Butt AJ, Paraskeva C. 1996The role of butyrate in human colonic irrigation epithelial cells an energy source or inducer of differentiation and apoptosis?Proc Nutr Soc 1996 55 937-943Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, et al. 1998Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene incidence and mortality in a controlled trial.J Natl Cancer Inst 1998 90 440-44 6Hwu P, Yang JC, Cowherd R, Treisman J, Shafer GE, Eshhar Z, et al. 1999In vivo antitumor activity of T cells redirected with chimeric antibody/T cell receptor genes.Cancer Res 1999 55 3369-3373Lijovic M, Fabiani ME, Bader J, Frauman AG. 2000Prostate cancer are new prognostic markers on the horizon? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Diseases 2000 3 62-65Mazzucchelli R, Montironi R, Santinelli A, Lucarini G, Pugnaloni A, Biagini G. 2000Vascular endothelial ripening factor expression and capillary architecture in high-grade PIN and prostate cancer in untreated and androgen ablated patients.Prostate 2000 45 72-79Montie JE, Meyers SE. 1997Defining the ideal tumor marker for prostate cancer.Urol Clin North Am 1997 24 247-252Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Marshall JR, Bartels PH. 1999Prostate cancer prevention. Review of target populations, pathological biomarkers and chemopreventive agents.J Clin Pathol 1999 52 793-803Montironi 2001 Prognostic factors in prostate cancer BMJ, Feb 2001 322 378 379 . 1997.Olsson CA, Devries GM, Raffo AJ, Benson MC, OToole K, Cao Y, et al. 2003Preoperative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for prostate-specific antigen predicts treatment failure following revolutionary prostatectomy.J Urol 2003 155 1557-1562Relph K, Kevin Harrington, and Hardev Pandha 2004 Recent developments and current status of gene therapy using viral vectors in the United Kingdom BMJ, Oct 2004 329 839 842.Selley S, Donovan J, Faulkner A, Coast J, Gillat D. 1997Diagnosis, management and screening of early localised prostate cancer.Health Technology Assessment 1997Sikora K 1994 Current Issues in Cancer Genes dreams and cancer BMJ, May 1994 308 1217 1221.World Cancer Research Fund. 2003Food, maintenance and the prevention of cancer a global perspective.Washington, DC WCRF, American Institute for Cancer Research 2003PDG 12.9.05Word count 2,206

Sustainable development of Caribbeans tourism industry

sustain able development of Caribbeans touristry laborThe research topic of this paper is Sustainable Development of the Caribbeans tourism industry through proper(ip) environmental planning. The research question is the Caribbeans vulnerability and its ability to survive within a global landscape is an ongoing concern. Research was conducted via the profit and articles. Information was gathitherd covering the various related topics of this paper.This paper will discuss three main objectives. The first objective will deal with the emoluments of the Caribbeans tourism industry make mention to two Caribbean islands. In addition to this it will regard at the disadvantages and advantages of the tourism industry in the Caribbean. Next it will look at environmental planning and its impact on tourism. This area will set about up mention to role of the environment in the tourism industry and ship canal of preserving and conserving our environment. It will also make mention of the adv erse yields of tourism on the environment and actions that begin been interpreted to reduce these negative impacts.Finally, the opportunities for the Caribbean as it relates to tourism with their exist resources and make recommendations that may bring the Caribbean tourism industry to a wider world. The paper is intended to obligate an overview of the Caribbeans tourism industry and how the Caribbean can reach sustainable development by overcoming all negative environmental problems.The Caribbean on a whole has suffered economically, socially and environmentally. Governments seek to improve the quality of life through the vivacious industries still how can we reach to a point where we scram sustainable development in our islands. The nominate is to build this through tourism and the environmental planning.Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of hereafter generations to meet their own needs . Another fundamental term would be that of environmental planning ( foreign Institute for Sustainable Development, 2009).environmental planning as defined as any planning activity that with an aim to preserve or enhance environmental resources. It looks at how society at present can affect the natural environment both current and in the future. Considerations include, water, land, pollution and other natural resources (The Environmental Education Directory, 2004).The tourism industry has been the driving absorb for most islands in the Caribbean for the past twenty years. In Grenada for instance, land was once the driving industry but due to natural disasters and damaging of the Agricultural properties, tourism has taken over as the major driving force in the country but how beneficial is this industry really. Tourism has contributed towards the economy, social lifestyle and ecology and the sustainability of each in the Caribbean (World Trade and Tourism Organization and Internat ional Hotel and Restaurant Association (WTTC and IHRA, 1999).Tourism has proven to be a good source of in issue forth for many islands. The tourism industry is divided into five different sectors that is to say accommodation, food and beverage services, recreation and entertainment, transportation and travel services all of which plays an important role in the industry. Others include telecommunications, and manufacturing. With this in mind, tourism is a orotund provider for jobs for the people of the Caribbean. It has been forecasted that in 2010 Tourism will contribute approximately 11.7% of the worlds GDP and employment for approximately 255 million world-wide (WTTC, 1999)The tourism industry has also fostered alter infrastructure in many Caribbean islands which in turn attracts more foreign investments for foreigners. The need for improved infrastructure is to facilitate tourists. The quality of roads and buildings are very important. In islands where both are not at high st andards this may pose problems to the many sectors within industry such as accommodation, that is, the hotels and resorts. In addition, there are many tourists that travel to the Caribbean by cruise ships so it is important the ports can accommodate the large numbers at any given beat with efficient service as well (Ellen, Karen WTTC, 2009).It has played a significant role in the Caribbeans up bring. For instance, look at Jamaica, Bahamas, and Trinidad. Tourism in Trinidad accounts for 10.6% of the countrys plebeian Domestic Product that is, 14,116.9 Trinidadian dollars and 14.7% of total employment that is, 88,000 jobs. These figures are also expected to rise by 2019 (WTTC, 2009). The same applies for Jamaica where tourism contributes 45% of Jamaicas foreign income and employs 300,000 Jamaicans like a shot and indirectly (Jamaica Economy, 2008).As it relates to Bahamas, one of their biggest drivers is Tourism. In Bahamas, tourism and other tourism driven sectors account for 60% of their GDP. It employs approximately 50% of their population (The Bahamas, 2009). Overall in 2008, Tourism has accounted for 14.8% of the Caribbeans Gross Domestic product and 12.9% of employment (Nurse, Keith, 2008).Whilst accommodating tourism and its benefits to the Caribbean, the impact of the tourism industry on the environment but be taken into consideration. In other words, how are the related on what impacts do they have on each other.For most tourist destinations, what attracts tourists to the country is the quality of the environment, the many reasons existing in the Caribbean. For this reason, the environments sustainability and preservation is vitality important to the industry. The environment usually provides attractions and sight-seeing for tourists. The resources available in a country both natural and man-made are indispensable to industry. Combined with infrastructural developments such as roads and airports, the hotels, resorts and marinas, the environment pla ys a very significant role in the tourism industry. A country lacking proper tourism facilities may negatively impact the economic growth in this industry. In eco-friendly Caribbean islands the marina which is home to many sea creatures must be preserved (WTTC, 1999). wet as a natural resource is highly demanded by the tourism industry in aid of facilitating and accommodating tourists. Tourists rely on water for usage and personal use. Restaurants use water for cooking and many resorts have pools as an enhancing feature for the tourists. Land area is utilized as well for building hotels and restaurants. notwithstanding the fact that tourism seems to rely heavily on the environment, there are many adverse impacts that tourism has on the environment. Tourism attracts many tourists to the islands of the Caribbean and in effect leads to the overuse of the resources of the environment. For instance, in order to facilitate tourists, accommodation must be provided. One negative impacts of this is deforestation where forests are cut or burnt pot to facilitate the building of the hotels and resorts. Another negative impact would be that of increased pollution. Tourist travel around the island sight-seeing increases the chance of land, air, sea and noise pollution. Often multiplication waste is improperly disposed off harming the surroundings and in many cases marine life. In addition to this the marine life as it relates to the coral reefs have been greatly touch on by tourism. They are often overused and damaged as a result (WTTC, 1999)Another impact is the increase in diseases. Many of the tourists come to the islands with air-borne diseases from their environment posing a threat to the Caribbean (Anonymous, 2009).In many instances some natural resources are depleted. This occurs when there is an increase in the consumption of any occurrence resource that is scarce. Water is one of the many resources that when overused results in shortages and possible degradatio n. This can also increase water pollution since more and more water is able to settle allowing for static water and possible growth of bacteria contaminating the environment.In order to reduce the negative impacts that tourism is having on the environment extensive planning must take place. The hotel industry has implemented affirmations in their hotels. One main certification on stream is the Green Globe 21 certification. With this certification hotels are required annually to conduct their business practices in such a way that the environment is world protected. They aim at reducing the occur of water consumed through recycling and conserving energy.Introducing awareness programs about the endangered environment is very important. Many persons are unaware of the consequences of their actions and educating the public on these will give them that drive to protecting the environment. One example of how the public can help protect the environment is through car pooling where perso ns group up and travel victimisation one vehicle as opposed to the three individuals vehicles. This would help reduce the amount of gas emission into the atmosphere (Sapayan, Maria, 2009).In 2005, Antigua Barbuda, the Sustainable Island Resource management Mechanism (SIRMM) project was introduced to reduce the problems they flummox with over exploitation of the natural environment. It covers are land degradation, poor water quality, loss of biodiversity and many other factors and areas affected (SIRMM Project, n. d.).In many islands, actions have been taken against over harvesting of the marine life. Fishermen often times remove to many of the marine animals in their quest to make a profit, hampering further growth for the future. This has been a threat to the ecosystem of the Caribbean. Governments have implemented close seasons for hunting and fishing in many of the islands. There is need for progress in this area since many fishermen use this as their source of income by prov iding fish for hotels and restaurants (Anonymous, 2006).Ecotourism is another means of eliminating the negative impacts of tourism on the environment. Ecotourism is a tourism aimed at preserving the environment. Any island that focuses on ecotourism as their income earners places more emphasis in the preservation of their environment (Mader. C, Pemberton. K Carlisle. A, 2005).The Caribbean aims at expanding and finding a place in the Caribbean and there are many opportunities in doing so. One major opportunity is diversity. The Caribbean for many years has focused on their beautiful beaches, their warm weather, and their white sand. In other words, the three Ss, Sun, sand and sea, the main resources available on the islands. Diversity will not only bring a new look to the experience for tourists but it will boost the Caribbean economy. Many larger tourist destinations have diversified their products and services. They have utilized many of their resources and stepped away from con ventional. In the Caribbean stepping away from the traditional is an opportunity for further growth in the tourism industry (Hoschtialek. R, Nov 24 2009).In Grenada for instance, we advertise our white sandy beaches with clear blue waters but what about our ecosystem. How often is our coral reefs made mention of in the Caribbean. For the past decade or so there have been improvements in the products and services which have proven to cause an increase in the number of visitors to the islands (Hoschtialek. R, Nov 24, 2009).There are however many more areas to tap into for instance in Grenada, Levera beach is the Caribbeans trio largest turtle nesting area. The tourism industry can develop more into these areas as added attraction for tourists visiting the islands. Also in Grenada, an underwater sculpture museum was built being the first of its kind in the Caribbean. This opens up to diversity. Tourism can use their many resources to introduce innovate ways of entertaining their visit ors (Hoschtialek. R, Nov. 24, 2009).Another opportunity lies in Montserrat where the islands volcanic background can be used as a sight-seeing attraction where tourists get the opportunity to see the volcanoes and the remnants of it (Hoschtialek. R, Nov. 24, 2009).Dominica is one island that have tapped into the opportunity of making their environment more eco-friendly. They have invested much into eco-tourism more so than any other island. They place emphasis on enhancing the marine life and use that to their benefit for tourists visiting the island. This is an opportunity present for all islands and is sure to increase the number of investors in the islands since more and more persons are becoming environmentally friendly. This can thence boost our economy with the foreign direct investments that these may offer (Caribbean Land and Property, 2008).From this report, when looking at the vulnerability, sustainability and the Caribbeans place in the World it is evident that through t he tourism industry and environmental planning that the Caribbean can engage into a wider world. The tourism industry has proven to pose both advantages and disadvantages to the Caribbean. In many cases it has been beneficial to the Caribbean by creating job opportunities and boosting the economy.However, with it relying so much on the environment, it has had some negative impacts on the environment. With aims of improving the ways of preserving and conserving the environment, the tourism industry can invest in actions that would bring the environment to a more stabilized one. Environmental planning will decrease the risk associated with tourism because all of the negative impacts are addressed originally hand.With this combination of the tourism industry in the Caribbean and proper planning in preserving the environment the Caribbean can have sustainable development and bring a brighter and safer future for individuals all through the cooperation of those now. The Caribbean will g row into a more open place and reap from the benefits while seeking more opportunities for further development.ReferencesAnonymous, (2006). Environmental readying Educational and Career Outlook. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http//www.enviroeducation.com/majors-programs/env-plan.htmlAnonymous, (2006). SIRMM Project, A step forward in conserving the environment. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http//www.environmentdivision.info/?q=node/168Anonymous, (n.d). Caribbean Ecotourism Yields Economic Rewards for Investors, Real estate for ecotourism Supports Caribbean Sustainable Development. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http//www.prlog.org/10127079-caribbean-ecotourism-yields-economic-rewards-for-investors.htmlBabu, N. (n.d.). Environmental planning as a tool for environmental protection the need and the possibilities. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from (http//www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/overview/envo0002pf.htmCharles. M, Pemberton. K, Carlisle . A, (2005). Ecotourism as a Means of Conserving Wetlands. Retrieved on November 22nd, 2009 from http//www.allbusiness.com/finance/1166294-1.htmlCTV Canada am. (2009). Loren reveals why you should reconsider the Caribbean. Retrieved on November 24th, 2009 from http//www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20091123/loren_blog_091123/20091123/Ellen. K (n.d.). EHow, What are the Benefits of tourism in the Caribbean? Retrieved on November 20th, 2009 from http//www.ehow.com/about_5234349_benefits-tourism-caribbean.htmlFAS Productions, (2008). Jamaica Economy. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.all-jamaica.com/jamaica/economy.htmlHoschtialek. R, personal communication, Nov. 24th, 2009Nurse, K, (2008). International Centre for Trade and sustainable development, Climate change, tourism and services in small islands. Retrieved on November 19th, 2009 from http//ictsd.org/i/news/bioresreview/34826/Sapayan, M. (n.d.). Ezine articles, Ways in Preserving the Environment. Retriev ed on November 22nd, 2009 from http//ezinearticles.com/?Ways-in-Preserving-the-Environmentid=2463133Schultz. E, (2009). Caribbean Construction Digest, Preserving our environment. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.cariconstruction.com/?p=174U.S subdivision of State, (2009). Background Note Bahamas. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1857.htmWorld Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), Our common future. Retrieved on November 23rd, 2009 from http//www.iisd.org/sd/

Britney Spears - A Woman I Admire Essay -- essays research papers

There are many women that bring an impact on my demeanor however, the question is how many of them do I look up to? Of course the most obvious person is my very own mother, but that made me find who else deserves to join this circle of reverence. Some names entered my mind, but do I really admire them? It is clear that women that enter my daily life like Oprah Winfrey have an impression on me, but impact and admiration do not always go hand in hand. Then I realized who I really admire Britney Spears. The teen pop idol singer Britney Spears is a woman that I look up to for many reasons. She has tantalized the entire worlds youth with her dumfounding voice. By doing so, she serves as a role model for many of the young people growing up in todays society. Although Britney is only 19, she al...

kick the habit Essay -- essays research papers

Most quite a little retire that smoking tobacco can cause lung cancer, but what they do non know is that it can cause many other cancers and illnesses. It is non enough to eat healthy and hitout regularly, if you keep that bad habit then you are retributive limiting yourself from your full potential and performance. In our profession it is vital that we are able to perform at our peak when it counts, lives may depend on us and we need to take that into serious consideration every time we put a cigarette to our mouth. Diseases, moral, overall appearance, are just some of the things affected by smoking cigarettes. You not only hurt yourself when you smoke, you are hurting everyone else around you. It is not enough just to talk about working out and ingest healthy in the fire service, in some cases it is sullen just to implement that into a firefighters routine. A firefighters life expectancy is already lower than that of a person that is not in the fire service, a tobacco use rs life expectancy is at least 8 years lower than that of a person that does not smoke. When you combine these two together you are just asking for an early grave. It is a proven fact that smokers die sooner than non-smokers, this results in thousands of dollars lost in social security taxes which inevitably ends up in the non smokers pocket. Cigarette tax is more money from the smoker to the non-smoker. A firefighters health is vital to his profession significance that he is not able to afford to be ill while at work. On average smokers miss about seven days of work a year while the non-smoker only misses on average of four. Thats over twenty-five percent of work a year that a smoker misses compared to a non-smoker. I dont know about anybody else but I would want a partner that I could depend on and be confident in when it comes down to crunch time. Cardiovascular disease is the biggest disease leading to death as a result due to smoking. As we father older our arteries harden up and we get cholesterol and other fat deposits clogging our arteries leaving them narrow or even blocked. Smoking accelerates this process promptly and blood clots are two to four times more likely to form. Cardiovascular disease comes in many forms and they are more likely to elapse to people who smoke regularly. Coronary thrombosis, Cerebral thrombosis, high blood pressure, kidney... ...und you and it could also be a turnoff to a possible employer. Many of us in the fire service did not get into this profession for the money or glamour or anything other than the reward that it provides at the end of every hard working day. We put our lives on the line every time that siren rings, we want to help people and our rewards come from lives being saved and charge people out of danger. As a team we need to remain strong not only for ourselves but for each other. Being physically fit and keeping a clean and healthy body are major factors that contribute to our success. Its like the old saying you are only as strong as your weakest link. Take for instance a crew is fighting a fire and your bottle runs out after ten minutes, then the team has to conk because of your inability to stay healthy. The fire grows more intense and out of control because you were not prepared. We depend on one another so we each severally need to make sure that we are prepared each and every time that we step on that truck. So remember when you smoke you are not only hurting yourself, you are also hurting everyone else around you.

What Is The Price Knowledge :: essays research papers

What Is the Price Knowledge     I feel there is a definite need for knowledge in todays society, butthere is also a definite point when it has gone too far. It has gone too farby conducting experiments on people without permit them know the consequencesand side effects that will place upon them. It has also reached an extremewhen the person becomes physically or mentally impaired after the experiments .I suffer this treatment as both immoral and unethical there is no reason to harma normally healthy person for some promotion in scientific knowledge .     In doing research for this paper I have found many examples where homos were used as "guinea pigs" or killed. One example of this misconductwas in 1959 it was a common practice for drug companies to provide samples ofexperimental drugs, to physicians, who were then paid to gather data on theirpatients taking the drugs. Physicians throughout the country prescribed theredrugs to patie nts without their knowledge or consent as part of this looselycontrolled research. Example of this was the drug sedative thalidomide was given(p) to vast number of pregant women and caused thousands of birth defects innewborn infants. Because of this event, the Kefauver - Harris amendmants tofood, drug and cosmetic act were passed requiring informal consent be obtainedin the testing of these drugs.      Another naughtiness research project was doctors injected live cancercells into underprivileged elderly patients without their permission. Theresearch went forward without revue by the hospitals research committee andover the objections of three physicians consulted, who argued that the proposedsubjects were risky of giving ample consent to participate. The revealing ofthe experiment served to make both officials and the Board of Regents of theUniversity of the State of New York, aware of the shortcomings of procedures inplace to protect human subjects. They we re further concerned over the publicsreaction to revealing of the research and the impact it would have on researchgenerally and the institutions in particular. After a review the Board ofRegents disapproved the researchers. They suspended the licenses of Dr.sMandel and Southam, but since delayed the suspension and placed the physicianson probation for one year.     Another example took place during World War II. The new expanse ofradiation science was at the center of one of the most ambitious and concealedresearch efforts the world has known Human radiation experiments. They wereundertaken in concealed to help understand radiation risks to workers engaged inthe development of the atomic bomb. Following the war, the new Atomic Energy

Graduation Speech: A Poem for Graduation :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

As freshmen, life was overwhelmingly, exhaustingly demanding,Eat, sleep, and school.Dont trip and fall in front of seniors,And dont act like a fool. Each floor is like a baseball field,The teachers all would tell.So why cant I find room 222?Oh great, there goes the bell. No pressure from the sports team tryoutsCause all we made was JV.While upperclassmen said, thaz aightWe would yell, yippee I know, how cool were we? But what amazing concepts to graspWho knew bands could play real notes?And lunch could lie down of nothing, still HoHos,And we could wear hats, and coats. Notes to make, tests to take, work to fake,Theres just not time enough.Can you believe papers have to be typed?Our lives were really tough.... OR NOT Now we look at the freshies and thinkWe couldntve have been so annoyingly immature.I cant be seen standing close to this beastie,Come on, lets sneak out the door. As sophomores, slumped over with attitude and rightsWe were still a wee bit too callow.What is she wearing ... oh man, how grotesqueHow we wallowed in being so shallow. What an awkward year it was to endure,Not freshie, but still no respect.Some attracting significant others,While some had the opposite effect. We could be form playing or attendingThe football games, soccer, and track.Praying our moms wouldnt be forced to drive us,Begging rides to and from, forth and back. As juniors, 9-11 united the school,Age does more than our old age on earth.Concerned for loved ones, with more on our minds,Those that mattered, things that had greater worth. All too soon, junioritis infected one and allIn not 2, not 5, but 7 classes.Who needed food, we saved homework for lunch,And more signatures on bathroom passes. With warm weather, like eggs, we were starting to crack,SATs, college visits, straight As,Spring prom, springiness break, and spring in our steps,Those minutes dragged on like days. As seniors, were awesome, there are none who compare,We have wit, humor, charm, looks, and class.Four yea rs of work, winning, whining, and wrath,Are part of our lustrous past The snowball attacks, the Iraq war